Initial OpenECOMP Portal commit

Change-Id: I804b80e0830c092e307da1599bd9fbb5c3e2da77
Signed-off-by: talasila <talasila@research.att.com>

11 files changed, 7922 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/ecomp-portal-FE/client/bower_components/lodash/vendor/backbone/LICENSE b/ecomp-portal-FE/client/bower_components/lodash/vendor/backbone/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..02c89b26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ecomp-portal-FE/client/bower_components/lodash/vendor/backbone/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+Copyright (c) 2010-2016 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
+obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
+files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without
+restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
+copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
+Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following
+conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
+OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
+HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
+WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
+OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/ecomp-portal-FE/client/bower_components/lodash/vendor/backbone/backbone.js b/ecomp-portal-FE/client/bower_components/lodash/vendor/backbone/backbone.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..55ccb22b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ecomp-portal-FE/client/bower_components/lodash/vendor/backbone/backbone.js
@@ -0,0 +1,1920 @@
+//     Backbone.js 1.3.3
+
+//     (c) 2010-2016 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud and Investigative Reporters & Editors
+//     Backbone may be freely distributed under the MIT license.
+//     For all details and documentation:
+//     http://backbonejs.org
+
+(function(factory) {
+
+  // Establish the root object, `window` (`self`) in the browser, or `global` on the server.
+  // We use `self` instead of `window` for `WebWorker` support.
+  var root = (typeof self == 'object' && self.self === self && self) ||
+            (typeof global == 'object' && global.global === global && global);
+
+  // Set up Backbone appropriately for the environment. Start with AMD.
+  if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {
+    define(['underscore', 'jquery', 'exports'], function(_, $, exports) {
+      // Export global even in AMD case in case this script is loaded with
+      // others that may still expect a global Backbone.
+      root.Backbone = factory(root, exports, _, $);
+    });
+
+  // Next for Node.js or CommonJS. jQuery may not be needed as a module.
+  } else if (typeof exports !== 'undefined') {
+    var _ = require('underscore'), $;
+    try { $ = require('jquery'); } catch (e) {}
+    factory(root, exports, _, $);
+
+  // Finally, as a browser global.
+  } else {
+    root.Backbone = factory(root, {}, root._, (root.jQuery || root.Zepto || root.ender || root.$));
+  }
+
+})(function(root, Backbone, _, $) {
+
+  // Initial Setup
+  // -------------
+
+  // Save the previous value of the `Backbone` variable, so that it can be
+  // restored later on, if `noConflict` is used.
+  var previousBackbone = root.Backbone;
+
+  // Create a local reference to a common array method we'll want to use later.
+  var slice = Array.prototype.slice;
+
+  // Current version of the library. Keep in sync with `package.json`.
+  Backbone.VERSION = '1.3.3';
+
+  // For Backbone's purposes, jQuery, Zepto, Ender, or My Library (kidding) owns
+  // the `$` variable.
+  Backbone.$ = $;
+
+  // Runs Backbone.js in *noConflict* mode, returning the `Backbone` variable
+  // to its previous owner. Returns a reference to this Backbone object.
+  Backbone.noConflict = function() {
+    root.Backbone = previousBackbone;
+    return this;
+  };
+
+  // Turn on `emulateHTTP` to support legacy HTTP servers. Setting this option
+  // will fake `"PATCH"`, `"PUT"` and `"DELETE"` requests via the `_method` parameter and
+  // set a `X-Http-Method-Override` header.
+  Backbone.emulateHTTP = false;
+
+  // Turn on `emulateJSON` to support legacy servers that can't deal with direct
+  // `application/json` requests ... this will encode the body as
+  // `application/x-www-form-urlencoded` instead and will send the model in a
+  // form param named `model`.
+  Backbone.emulateJSON = false;
+
+  // Proxy Backbone class methods to Underscore functions, wrapping the model's
+  // `attributes` object or collection's `models` array behind the scenes.
+  //
+  // collection.filter(function(model) { return model.get('age') > 10 });
+  // collection.each(this.addView);
+  //
+  // `Function#apply` can be slow so we use the method's arg count, if we know it.
+  var addMethod = function(length, method, attribute) {
+    switch (length) {
+      case 1: return function() {
+        return _[method](this[attribute]);
+      };
+      case 2: return function(value) {
+        return _[method](this[attribute], value);
+      };
+      case 3: return function(iteratee, context) {
+        return _[method](this[attribute], cb(iteratee, this), context);
+      };
+      case 4: return function(iteratee, defaultVal, context) {
+        return _[method](this[attribute], cb(iteratee, this), defaultVal, context);
+      };
+      default: return function() {
+        var args = slice.call(arguments);
+        args.unshift(this[attribute]);
+        return _[method].apply(_, args);
+      };
+    }
+  };
+  var addUnderscoreMethods = function(Class, methods, attribute) {
+    _.each(methods, function(length, method) {
+      if (_[method]) Class.prototype[method] = addMethod(length, method, attribute);
+    });
+  };
+
+  // Support `collection.sortBy('attr')` and `collection.findWhere({id: 1})`.
+  var cb = function(iteratee, instance) {
+    if (_.isFunction(iteratee)) return iteratee;
+    if (_.isObject(iteratee) && !instance._isModel(iteratee)) return modelMatcher(iteratee);
+    if (_.isString(iteratee)) return function(model) { return model.get(iteratee); };
+    return iteratee;
+  };
+  var modelMatcher = function(attrs) {
+    var matcher = _.matches(attrs);
+    return function(model) {
+      return matcher(model.attributes);
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Backbone.Events
+  // ---------------
+
+  // A module that can be mixed in to *any object* in order to provide it with
+  // a custom event channel. You may bind a callback to an event with `on` or
+  // remove with `off`; `trigger`-ing an event fires all callbacks in
+  // succession.
+  //
+  //     var object = {};
+  //     _.extend(object, Backbone.Events);
+  //     object.on('expand', function(){ alert('expanded'); });
+  //     object.trigger('expand');
+  //
+  var Events = Backbone.Events = {};
+
+  // Regular expression used to split event strings.
+  var eventSplitter = /\s+/;
+
+  // Iterates over the standard `event, callback` (as well as the fancy multiple
+  // space-separated events `"change blur", callback` and jQuery-style event
+  // maps `{event: callback}`).
+  var eventsApi = function(iteratee, events, name, callback, opts) {
+    var i = 0, names;
+    if (name && typeof name === 'object') {
+      // Handle event maps.
+      if (callback !== void 0 && 'context' in opts && opts.context === void 0) opts.context = callback;
+      for (names = _.keys(name); i < names.length ; i++) {
+        events = eventsApi(iteratee, events, names[i], name[names[i]], opts);
+      }
+    } else if (name && eventSplitter.test(name)) {
+      // Handle space-separated event names by delegating them individually.
+      for (names = name.split(eventSplitter); i < names.length; i++) {
+        events = iteratee(events, names[i], callback, opts);
+      }
+    } else {
+      // Finally, standard events.
+      events = iteratee(events, name, callback, opts);
+    }
+    return events;
+  };
+
+  // Bind an event to a `callback` function. Passing `"all"` will bind
+  // the callback to all events fired.
+  Events.on = function(name, callback, context) {
+    return internalOn(this, name, callback, context);
+  };
+
+  // Guard the `listening` argument from the public API.
+  var internalOn = function(obj, name, callback, context, listening) {
+    obj._events = eventsApi(onApi, obj._events || {}, name, callback, {
+      context: context,
+      ctx: obj,
+      listening: listening
+    });
+
+    if (listening) {
+      var listeners = obj._listeners || (obj._listeners = {});
+      listeners[listening.id] = listening;
+    }
+
+    return obj;
+  };
+
+  // Inversion-of-control versions of `on`. Tell *this* object to listen to
+  // an event in another object... keeping track of what it's listening to
+  // for easier unbinding later.
+  Events.listenTo = function(obj, name, callback) {
+    if (!obj) return this;
+    var id = obj._listenId || (obj._listenId = _.uniqueId('l'));
+    var listeningTo = this._listeningTo || (this._listeningTo = {});
+    var listening = listeningTo[id];
+
+    // This object is not listening to any other events on `obj` yet.
+    // Setup the necessary references to track the listening callbacks.
+    if (!listening) {
+      var thisId = this._listenId || (this._listenId = _.uniqueId('l'));
+      listening = listeningTo[id] = {obj: obj, objId: id, id: thisId, listeningTo: listeningTo, count: 0};
+    }
+
+    // Bind callbacks on obj, and keep track of them on listening.
+    internalOn(obj, name, callback, this, listening);
+    return this;
+  };
+
+  // The reducing API that adds a callback to the `events` object.
+  var onApi = function(events, name, callback, options) {
+    if (callback) {
+      var handlers = events[name] || (events[name] = []);
+      var context = options.context, ctx = options.ctx, listening = options.listening;
+      if (listening) listening.count++;
+
+      handlers.push({callback: callback, context: context, ctx: context || ctx, listening: listening});
+    }
+    return events;
+  };
+
+  // Remove one or many callbacks. If `context` is null, removes all
+  // callbacks with that function. If `callback` is null, removes all
+  // callbacks for the event. If `name` is null, removes all bound
+  // callbacks for all events.
+  Events.off = function(name, callback, context) {
+    if (!this._events) return this;
+    this._events = eventsApi(offApi, this._events, name, callback, {
+      context: context,
+      listeners: this._listeners
+    });
+    return this;
+  };
+
+  // Tell this object to stop listening to either specific events ... or
+  // to every object it's currently listening to.
+  Events.stopListening = function(obj, name, callback) {
+    var listeningTo = this._listeningTo;
+    if (!listeningTo) return this;
+
+    var ids = obj ? [obj._listenId] : _.keys(listeningTo);
+
+    for (var i = 0; i < ids.length; i++) {
+      var listening = listeningTo[ids[i]];
+
+      // If listening doesn't exist, this object is not currently
+      // listening to obj. Break out early.
+      if (!listening) break;
+
+      listening.obj.off(name, callback, this);
+    }
+
+    return this;
+  };
+
+  // The reducing API that removes a callback from the `events` object.
+  var offApi = function(events, name, callback, options) {
+    if (!events) return;
+
+    var i = 0, listening;
+    var context = options.context, listeners = options.listeners;
+
+    // Delete all events listeners and "drop" events.
+    if (!name && !callback && !context) {
+      var ids = _.keys(listeners);
+      for (; i < ids.length; i++) {
+        listening = listeners[ids[i]];
+        delete listeners[listening.id];
+        delete listening.listeningTo[listening.objId];
+      }
+      return;
+    }
+
+    var names = name ? [name] : _.keys(events);
+    for (; i < names.length; i++) {
+      name = names[i];
+      var handlers = events[name];
+
+      // Bail out if there are no events stored.
+      if (!handlers) break;
+
+      // Replace events if there are any remaining.  Otherwise, clean up.
+      var remaining = [];
+      for (var j = 0; j < handlers.length; j++) {
+        var handler = handlers[j];
+        if (
+          callback && callback !== handler.callback &&
+            callback !== handler.callback._callback ||
+              context && context !== handler.context
+        ) {
+          remaining.push(handler);
+        } else {
+          listening = handler.listening;
+          if (listening && --listening.count === 0) {
+            delete listeners[listening.id];
+            delete listening.listeningTo[listening.objId];
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Update tail event if the list has any events.  Otherwise, clean up.
+      if (remaining.length) {
+        events[name] = remaining;
+      } else {
+        delete events[name];
+      }
+    }
+    return events;
+  };
+
+  // Bind an event to only be triggered a single time. After the first time
+  // the callback is invoked, its listener will be removed. If multiple events
+  // are passed in using the space-separated syntax, the handler will fire
+  // once for each event, not once for a combination of all events.
+  Events.once = function(name, callback, context) {
+    // Map the event into a `{event: once}` object.
+    var events = eventsApi(onceMap, {}, name, callback, _.bind(this.off, this));
+    if (typeof name === 'string' && context == null) callback = void 0;
+    return this.on(events, callback, context);
+  };
+
+  // Inversion-of-control versions of `once`.
+  Events.listenToOnce = function(obj, name, callback) {
+    // Map the event into a `{event: once}` object.
+    var events = eventsApi(onceMap, {}, name, callback, _.bind(this.stopListening, this, obj));
+    return this.listenTo(obj, events);
+  };
+
+  // Reduces the event callbacks into a map of `{event: onceWrapper}`.
+  // `offer` unbinds the `onceWrapper` after it has been called.
+  var onceMap = function(map, name, callback, offer) {
+    if (callback) {
+      var once = map[name] = _.once(function() {
+        offer(name, once);
+        callback.apply(this, arguments);
+      });
+      once._callback = callback;
+    }
+    return map;
+  };
+
+  // Trigger one or many events, firing all bound callbacks. Callbacks are
+  // passed the same arguments as `trigger` is, apart from the event name
+  // (unless you're listening on `"all"`, which will cause your callback to
+  // receive the true name of the event as the first argument).
+  Events.trigger = function(name) {
+    if (!this._events) return this;
+
+    var length = Math.max(0, arguments.length - 1);
+    var args = Array(length);
+    for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) args[i] = arguments[i + 1];
+
+    eventsApi(triggerApi, this._events, name, void 0, args);
+    return this;
+  };
+
+  // Handles triggering the appropriate event callbacks.
+  var triggerApi = function(objEvents, name, callback, args) {
+    if (objEvents) {
+      var events = objEvents[name];
+      var allEvents = objEvents.all;
+      if (events && allEvents) allEvents = allEvents.slice();
+      if (events) triggerEvents(events, args);
+      if (allEvents) triggerEvents(allEvents, [name].concat(args));
+    }
+    return objEvents;
+  };
+
+  // A difficult-to-believe, but optimized internal dispatch function for
+  // triggering events. Tries to keep the usual cases speedy (most internal
+  // Backbone events have 3 arguments).
+  var triggerEvents = function(events, args) {
+    var ev, i = -1, l = events.length, a1 = args[0], a2 = args[1], a3 = args[2];
+    switch (args.length) {
+      case 0: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx); return;
+      case 1: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, a1); return;
+      case 2: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, a1, a2); return;
+      case 3: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, a1, a2, a3); return;
+      default: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.apply(ev.ctx, args); return;
+    }
+  };
+
+  // Aliases for backwards compatibility.
+  Events.bind   = Events.on;
+  Events.unbind = Events.off;
+
+  // Allow the `Backbone` object to serve as a global event bus, for folks who
+  // want global "pubsub" in a convenient place.
+  _.extend(Backbone, Events);
+
+  // Backbone.Model
+  // --------------
+
+  // Backbone **Models** are the basic data object in the framework --
+  // frequently representing a row in a table in a database on your server.
+  // A discrete chunk of data and a bunch of useful, related methods for
+  // performing computations and transformations on that data.
+
+  // Create a new model with the specified attributes. A client id (`cid`)
+  // is automatically generated and assigned for you.
+  var Model = Backbone.Model = function(attributes, options) {
+    var attrs = attributes || {};
+    options || (options = {});
+    this.cid = _.uniqueId(this.cidPrefix);
+    this.attributes = {};
+    if (options.collection) this.collection = options.collection;
+    if (options.parse) attrs = this.parse(attrs, options) || {};
+    var defaults = _.result(this, 'defaults');
+    attrs = _.defaults(_.extend({}, defaults, attrs), defaults);
+    this.set(attrs, options);
+    this.changed = {};
+    this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
+  };
+
+  // Attach all inheritable methods to the Model prototype.
+  _.extend(Model.prototype, Events, {
+
+    // A hash of attributes whose current and previous value differ.
+    changed: null,
+
+    // The value returned during the last failed validation.
+    validationError: null,
+
+    // The default name for the JSON `id` attribute is `"id"`. MongoDB and
+    // CouchDB users may want to set this to `"_id"`.
+    idAttribute: 'id',
+
+    // The prefix is used to create the client id which is used to identify models locally.
+    // You may want to override this if you're experiencing name clashes with model ids.
+    cidPrefix: 'c',
+
+    // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
+    // initialization logic.
+    initialize: function(){},
+
+    // Return a copy of the model's `attributes` object.
+    toJSON: function(options) {
+      return _.clone(this.attributes);
+    },
+
+    // Proxy `Backbone.sync` by default -- but override this if you need
+    // custom syncing semantics for *this* particular model.
+    sync: function() {
+      return Backbone.sync.apply(this, arguments);
+    },
+
+    // Get the value of an attribute.
+    get: function(attr) {
+      return this.attributes[attr];
+    },
+
+    // Get the HTML-escaped value of an attribute.
+    escape: function(attr) {
+      return _.escape(this.get(attr));
+    },
+
+    // Returns `true` if the attribute contains a value that is not null
+    // or undefined.
+    has: function(attr) {
+      return this.get(attr) != null;
+    },
+
+    // Special-cased proxy to underscore's `_.matches` method.
+    matches: function(attrs) {
+      return !!_.iteratee(attrs, this)(this.attributes);
+    },
+
+    // Set a hash of model attributes on the object, firing `"change"`. This is
+    // the core primitive operation of a model, updating the data and notifying
+    // anyone who needs to know about the change in state. The heart of the beast.
+    set: function(key, val, options) {
+      if (key == null) return this;
+
+      // Handle both `"key", value` and `{key: value}` -style arguments.
+      var attrs;
+      if (typeof key === 'object') {
+        attrs = key;
+        options = val;
+      } else {
+        (attrs = {})[key] = val;
+      }
+
+      options || (options = {});
+
+      // Run validation.
+      if (!this._validate(attrs, options)) return false;
+
+      // Extract attributes and options.
+      var unset      = options.unset;
+      var silent     = options.silent;
+      var changes    = [];
+      var changing   = this._changing;
+      this._changing = true;
+
+      if (!changing) {
+        this._previousAttributes = _.clone(this.attributes);
+        this.changed = {};
+      }
+
+      var current = this.attributes;
+      var changed = this.changed;
+      var prev    = this._previousAttributes;
+
+      // For each `set` attribute, update or delete the current value.
+      for (var attr in attrs) {
+        val = attrs[attr];
+        if (!_.isEqual(current[attr], val)) changes.push(attr);
+        if (!_.isEqual(prev[attr], val)) {
+          changed[attr] = val;
+        } else {
+          delete changed[attr];
+        }
+        unset ? delete current[attr] : current[attr] = val;
+      }
+
+      // Update the `id`.
+      if (this.idAttribute in attrs) this.id = this.get(this.idAttribute);
+
+      // Trigger all relevant attribute changes.
+      if (!silent) {
+        if (changes.length) this._pending = options;
+        for (var i = 0; i < changes.length; i++) {
+          this.trigger('change:' + changes[i], this, current[changes[i]], options);
+        }
+      }
+
+      // You might be wondering why there's a `while` loop here. Changes can
+      // be recursively nested within `"change"` events.
+      if (changing) return this;
+      if (!silent) {
+        while (this._pending) {
+          options = this._pending;
+          this._pending = false;
+          this.trigger('change', this, options);
+        }
+      }
+      this._pending = false;
+      this._changing = false;
+      return this;
+    },
+
+    // Remove an attribute from the model, firing `"change"`. `unset` is a noop
+    // if the attribute doesn't exist.
+    unset: function(attr, options) {
+      return this.set(attr, void 0, _.extend({}, options, {unset: true}));
+    },
+
+    // Clear all attributes on the model, firing `"change"`.
+    clear: function(options) {
+      var attrs = {};
+      for (var key in this.attributes) attrs[key] = void 0;
+      return this.set(attrs, _.extend({}, options, {unset: true}));
+    },
+
+    // Determine if the model has changed since the last `"change"` event.
+    // If you specify an attribute name, determine if that attribute has changed.
+    hasChanged: function(attr) {
+      if (attr == null) return !_.isEmpty(this.changed);
+      return _.has(this.changed, attr);
+    },
+
+    // Return an object containing all the attributes that have changed, or
+    // false if there are no changed attributes. Useful for determining what
+    // parts of a view need to be updated and/or what attributes need to be
+    // persisted to the server. Unset attributes will be set to undefined.
+    // You can also pass an attributes object to diff against the model,
+    // determining if there *would be* a change.
+    changedAttributes: function(diff) {
+      if (!diff) return this.hasChanged() ? _.clone(this.changed) : false;
+      var old = this._changing ? this._previousAttributes : this.attributes;
+      var changed = {};
+      for (var attr in diff) {
+        var val = diff[attr];
+        if (_.isEqual(old[attr], val)) continue;
+        changed[attr] = val;
+      }
+      return _.size(changed) ? changed : false;
+    },
+
+    // Get the previous value of an attribute, recorded at the time the last
+    // `"change"` event was fired.
+    previous: function(attr) {
+      if (attr == null || !this._previousAttributes) return null;
+      return this._previousAttributes[attr];
+    },
+
+    // Get all of the attributes of the model at the time of the previous
+    // `"change"` event.
+    previousAttributes: function() {
+      return _.clone(this._previousAttributes);
+    },
+
+    // Fetch the model from the server, merging the response with the model's
+    // local attributes. Any changed attributes will trigger a "change" event.
+    fetch: function(options) {
+      options = _.extend({parse: true}, options);
+      var model = this;
+      var success = options.success;
+      options.success = function(resp) {
+        var serverAttrs = options.parse ? model.parse(resp, options) : resp;
+        if (!model.set(serverAttrs, options)) return false;
+        if (success) success.call(options.context, model, resp, options);
+        model.trigger('sync', model, resp, options);
+      };
+      wrapError(this, options);
+      return this.sync('read', this, options);
+    },
+
+    // Set a hash of model attributes, and sync the model to the server.
+    // If the server returns an attributes hash that differs, the model's
+    // state will be `set` again.
+    save: function(key, val, options) {
+      // Handle both `"key", value` and `{key: value}` -style arguments.
+      var attrs;
+      if (key == null || typeof key === 'object') {
+        attrs = key;
+        options = val;
+      } else {
+        (attrs = {})[key] = val;
+      }
+
+      options = _.extend({validate: true, parse: true}, options);
+      var wait = options.wait;
+
+      // If we're not waiting and attributes exist, save acts as
+      // `set(attr).save(null, opts)` with validation. Otherwise, check if
+      // the model will be valid when the attributes, if any, are set.
+      if (attrs && !wait) {
+        if (!this.set(attrs, options)) return false;
+      } else if (!this._validate(attrs, options)) {
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      // After a successful server-side save, the client is (optionally)
+      // updated with the server-side state.
+      var model = this;
+      var success = options.success;
+      var attributes = this.attributes;
+      options.success = function(resp) {
+        // Ensure attributes are restored during synchronous saves.
+        model.attributes = attributes;
+        var serverAttrs = options.parse ? model.parse(resp, options) : resp;
+        if (wait) serverAttrs = _.extend({}, attrs, serverAttrs);
+        if (serverAttrs && !model.set(serverAttrs, options)) return false;
+        if (success) success.call(options.context, model, resp, options);
+        model.trigger('sync', model, resp, options);
+      };
+      wrapError(this, options);
+
+      // Set temporary attributes if `{wait: true}` to properly find new ids.
+      if (attrs && wait) this.attributes = _.extend({}, attributes, attrs);
+
+      var method = this.isNew() ? 'create' : (options.patch ? 'patch' : 'update');
+      if (method === 'patch' && !options.attrs) options.attrs = attrs;
+      var xhr = this.sync(method, this, options);
+
+      // Restore attributes.
+      this.attributes = attributes;
+
+      return xhr;
+    },
+
+    // Destroy this model on the server if it was already persisted.
+    // Optimistically removes the model from its collection, if it has one.
+    // If `wait: true` is passed, waits for the server to respond before removal.
+    destroy: function(options) {
+      options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
+      var model = this;
+      var success = options.success;
+      var wait = options.wait;
+
+      var destroy = function() {
+        model.stopListening();
+        model.trigger('destroy', model, model.collection, options);
+      };
+
+      options.success = function(resp) {
+        if (wait) destroy();
+        if (success) success.call(options.context, model, resp, options);
+        if (!model.isNew()) model.trigger('sync', model, resp, options);
+      };
+
+      var xhr = false;
+      if (this.isNew()) {
+        _.defer(options.success);
+      } else {
+        wrapError(this, options);
+        xhr = this.sync('delete', this, options);
+      }
+      if (!wait) destroy();
+      return xhr;
+    },
+
+    // Default URL for the model's representation on the server -- if you're
+    // using Backbone's restful methods, override this to change the endpoint
+    // that will be called.
+    url: function() {
+      var base =
+        _.result(this, 'urlRoot') ||
+        _.result(this.collection, 'url') ||
+        urlError();
+      if (this.isNew()) return base;
+      var id = this.get(this.idAttribute);
+      return base.replace(/[^\/]$/, '$&/') + encodeURIComponent(id);
+    },
+
+    // **parse** converts a response into the hash of attributes to be `set` on
+    // the model. The default implementation is just to pass the response along.
+    parse: function(resp, options) {
+      return resp;
+    },
+
+    // Create a new model with identical attributes to this one.
+    clone: function() {
+      return new this.constructor(this.attributes);
+    },
+
+    // A model is new if it has never been saved to the server, and lacks an id.
+    isNew: function() {
+      return !this.has(this.idAttribute);
+    },
+
+    // Check if the model is currently in a valid state.
+    isValid: function(options) {
+      return this._validate({}, _.extend({}, options, {validate: true}));
+    },
+
+    // Run validation against the next complete set of model attributes,
+    // returning `true` if all is well. Otherwise, fire an `"invalid"` event.
+    _validate: function(attrs, options) {
+      if (!options.validate || !this.validate) return true;
+      attrs = _.extend({}, this.attributes, attrs);
+      var error = this.validationError = this.validate(attrs, options) || null;
+      if (!error) return true;
+      this.trigger('invalid', this, error, _.extend(options, {validationError: error}));
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  });
+
+  // Underscore methods that we want to implement on the Model, mapped to the
+  // number of arguments they take.
+  var modelMethods = {keys: 1, values: 1, pairs: 1, invert: 1, pick: 0,
+      omit: 0, chain: 1, isEmpty: 1};
+
+  // Mix in each Underscore method as a proxy to `Model#attributes`.
+  addUnderscoreMethods(Model, modelMethods, 'attributes');
+
+  // Backbone.Collection
+  // -------------------
+
+  // If models tend to represent a single row of data, a Backbone Collection is
+  // more analogous to a table full of data ... or a small slice or page of that
+  // table, or a collection of rows that belong together for a particular reason
+  // -- all of the messages in this particular folder, all of the documents
+  // belonging to this particular author, and so on. Collections maintain
+  // indexes of their models, both in order, and for lookup by `id`.
+
+  // Create a new **Collection**, perhaps to contain a specific type of `model`.
+  // If a `comparator` is specified, the Collection will maintain
+  // its models in sort order, as they're added and removed.
+  var Collection = Backbone.Collection = function(models, options) {
+    options || (options = {});
+    if (options.model) this.model = options.model;
+    if (options.comparator !== void 0) this.comparator = options.comparator;
+    this._reset();
+    this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
+    if (models) this.reset(models, _.extend({silent: true}, options));
+  };
+
+  // Default options for `Collection#set`.
+  var setOptions = {add: true, remove: true, merge: true};
+  var addOptions = {add: true, remove: false};
+
+  // Splices `insert` into `array` at index `at`.
+  var splice = function(array, insert, at) {
+    at = Math.min(Math.max(at, 0), array.length);
+    var tail = Array(array.length - at);
+    var length = insert.length;
+    var i;
+    for (i = 0; i < tail.length; i++) tail[i] = array[i + at];
+    for (i = 0; i < length; i++) array[i + at] = insert[i];
+    for (i = 0; i < tail.length; i++) array[i + length + at] = tail[i];
+  };
+
+  // Define the Collection's inheritable methods.
+  _.extend(Collection.prototype, Events, {
+
+    // The default model for a collection is just a **Backbone.Model**.
+    // This should be overridden in most cases.
+    model: Model,
+
+    // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
+    // initialization logic.
+    initialize: function(){},
+
+    // The JSON representation of a Collection is an array of the
+    // models' attributes.
+    toJSON: function(options) {
+      return this.map(function(model) { return model.toJSON(options); });
+    },
+
+    // Proxy `Backbone.sync` by default.
+    sync: function() {
+      return Backbone.sync.apply(this, arguments);
+    },
+
+    // Add a model, or list of models to the set. `models` may be Backbone
+    // Models or raw JavaScript objects to be converted to Models, or any
+    // combination of the two.
+    add: function(models, options) {
+      return this.set(models, _.extend({merge: false}, options, addOptions));
+    },
+
+    // Remove a model, or a list of models from the set.
+    remove: function(models, options) {
+      options = _.extend({}, options);
+      var singular = !_.isArray(models);
+      models = singular ? [models] : models.slice();
+      var removed = this._removeModels(models, options);
+      if (!options.silent && removed.length) {
+        options.changes = {added: [], merged: [], removed: removed};
+        this.trigger('update', this, options);
+      }
+      return singular ? removed[0] : removed;
+    },
+
+    // Update a collection by `set`-ing a new list of models, adding new ones,
+    // removing models that are no longer present, and merging models that
+    // already exist in the collection, as necessary. Similar to **Model#set**,
+    // the core operation for updating the data contained by the collection.
+    set: function(models, options) {
+      if (models == null) return;
+
+      options = _.extend({}, setOptions, options);
+      if (options.parse && !this._isModel(models)) {
+        models = this.parse(models, options) || [];
+      }
+
+      var singular = !_.isArray(models);
+      models = singular ? [models] : models.slice();
+
+      var at = options.at;
+      if (at != null) at = +at;
+      if (at > this.length) at = this.length;
+      if (at < 0) at += this.length + 1;
+
+      var set = [];
+      var toAdd = [];
+      var toMerge = [];
+      var toRemove = [];
+      var modelMap = {};
+
+      var add = options.add;
+      var merge = options.merge;
+      var remove = options.remove;
+
+      var sort = false;
+      var sortable = this.comparator && at == null && options.sort !== false;
+      var sortAttr = _.isString(this.comparator) ? this.comparator : null;
+
+      // Turn bare objects into model references, and prevent invalid models
+      // from being added.
+      var model, i;
+      for (i = 0; i < models.length; i++) {
+        model = models[i];
+
+        // If a duplicate is found, prevent it from being added and
+        // optionally merge it into the existing model.
+        var existing = this.get(model);
+        if (existing) {
+          if (merge && model !== existing) {
+            var attrs = this._isModel(model) ? model.attributes : model;
+            if (options.parse) attrs = existing.parse(attrs, options);
+            existing.set(attrs, options);
+            toMerge.push(existing);
+            if (sortable && !sort) sort = existing.hasChanged(sortAttr);
+          }
+          if (!modelMap[existing.cid]) {
+            modelMap[existing.cid] = true;
+            set.push(existing);
+          }
+          models[i] = existing;
+
+        // If this is a new, valid model, push it to the `toAdd` list.
+        } else if (add) {
+          model = models[i] = this._prepareModel(model, options);
+          if (model) {
+            toAdd.push(model);
+            this._addReference(model, options);
+            modelMap[model.cid] = true;
+            set.push(model);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Remove stale models.
+      if (remove) {
+        for (i = 0; i < this.length; i++) {
+          model = this.models[i];
+          if (!modelMap[model.cid]) toRemove.push(model);
+        }
+        if (toRemove.length) this._removeModels(toRemove, options);
+      }
+
+      // See if sorting is needed, update `length` and splice in new models.
+      var orderChanged = false;
+      var replace = !sortable && add && remove;
+      if (set.length && replace) {
+        orderChanged = this.length !== set.length || _.some(this.models, function(m, index) {
+          return m !== set[index];
+        });
+        this.models.length = 0;
+        splice(this.models, set, 0);
+        this.length = this.models.length;
+      } else if (toAdd.length) {
+        if (sortable) sort = true;
+        splice(this.models, toAdd, at == null ? this.length : at);
+        this.length = this.models.length;
+      }
+
+      // Silently sort the collection if appropriate.
+      if (sort) this.sort({silent: true});
+
+      // Unless silenced, it's time to fire all appropriate add/sort/update events.
+      if (!options.silent) {
+        for (i = 0; i < toAdd.length; i++) {
+          if (at != null) options.index = at + i;
+          model = toAdd[i];
+          model.trigger('add', model, this, options);
+        }
+        if (sort || orderChanged) this.trigger('sort', this, options);
+        if (toAdd.length || toRemove.length || toMerge.length) {
+          options.changes = {
+            added: toAdd,
+            removed: toRemove,
+            merged: toMerge
+          };
+          this.trigger('update', this, options);
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Return the added (or merged) model (or models).
+      return singular ? models[0] : models;
+    },
+
+    // When you have more items than you want to add or remove individually,
+    // you can reset the entire set with a new list of models, without firing
+    // any granular `add` or `remove` events. Fires `reset` when finished.
+    // Useful for bulk operations and optimizations.
+    reset: function(models, options) {
+      options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
+      for (var i = 0; i < this.models.length; i++) {
+        this._removeReference(this.models[i], options);
+      }
+      options.previousModels = this.models;
+      this._reset();
+      models = this.add(models, _.extend({silent: true}, options));
+      if (!options.silent) this.trigger('reset', this, options);
+      return models;
+    },
+
+    // Add a model to the end of the collection.
+    push: function(model, options) {
+      return this.add(model, _.extend({at: this.length}, options));
+    },
+
+    // Remove a model from the end of the collection.
+    pop: function(options) {
+      var model = this.at(this.length - 1);
+      return this.remove(model, options);
+    },
+
+    // Add a model to the beginning of the collection.
+    unshift: function(model, options) {
+      return this.add(model, _.extend({at: 0}, options));
+    },
+
+    // Remove a model from the beginning of the collection.
+    shift: function(options) {
+      var model = this.at(0);
+      return this.remove(model, options);
+    },
+
+    // Slice out a sub-array of models from the collection.
+    slice: function() {
+      return slice.apply(this.models, arguments);
+    },
+
+    // Get a model from the set by id, cid, model object with id or cid
+    // properties, or an attributes object that is transformed through modelId.
+    get: function(obj) {
+      if (obj == null) return void 0;
+      return this._byId[obj] ||
+        this._byId[this.modelId(obj.attributes || obj)] ||
+        obj.cid && this._byId[obj.cid];
+    },
+
+    // Returns `true` if the model is in the collection.
+    has: function(obj) {
+      return this.get(obj) != null;
+    },
+
+    // Get the model at the given index.
+    at: function(index) {
+      if (index < 0) index += this.length;
+      return this.models[index];
+    },
+
+    // Return models with matching attributes. Useful for simple cases of
+    // `filter`.
+    where: function(attrs, first) {
+      return this[first ? 'find' : 'filter'](attrs);
+    },
+
+    // Return the first model with matching attributes. Useful for simple cases
+    // of `find`.
+    findWhere: function(attrs) {
+      return this.where(attrs, true);
+    },
+
+    // Force the collection to re-sort itself. You don't need to call this under
+    // normal circumstances, as the set will maintain sort order as each item
+    // is added.
+    sort: function(options) {
+      var comparator = this.comparator;
+      if (!comparator) throw new Error('Cannot sort a set without a comparator');
+      options || (options = {});
+
+      var length = comparator.length;
+      if (_.isFunction(comparator)) comparator = _.bind(comparator, this);
+
+      // Run sort based on type of `comparator`.
+      if (length === 1 || _.isString(comparator)) {
+        this.models = this.sortBy(comparator);
+      } else {
+        this.models.sort(comparator);
+      }
+      if (!options.silent) this.trigger('sort', this, options);
+      return this;
+    },
+
+    // Pluck an attribute from each model in the collection.
+    pluck: function(attr) {
+      return this.map(attr + '');
+    },
+
+    // Fetch the default set of models for this collection, resetting the
+    // collection when they arrive. If `reset: true` is passed, the response
+    // data will be passed through the `reset` method instead of `set`.
+    fetch: function(options) {
+      options = _.extend({parse: true}, options);
+      var success = options.success;
+      var collection = this;
+      options.success = function(resp) {
+        var method = options.reset ? 'reset' : 'set';
+        collection[method](resp, options);
+        if (success) success.call(options.context, collection, resp, options);
+        collection.trigger('sync', collection, resp, options);
+      };
+      wrapError(this, options);
+      return this.sync('read', this, options);
+    },
+
+    // Create a new instance of a model in this collection. Add the model to the
+    // collection immediately, unless `wait: true` is passed, in which case we
+    // wait for the server to agree.
+    create: function(model, options) {
+      options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
+      var wait = options.wait;
+      model = this._prepareModel(model, options);
+      if (!model) return false;
+      if (!wait) this.add(model, options);
+      var collection = this;
+      var success = options.success;
+      options.success = function(m, resp, callbackOpts) {
+        if (wait) collection.add(m, callbackOpts);
+        if (success) success.call(callbackOpts.context, m, resp, callbackOpts);
+      };
+      model.save(null, options);
+      return model;
+    },
+
+    // **parse** converts a response into a list of models to be added to the
+    // collection. The default implementation is just to pass it through.
+    parse: function(resp, options) {
+      return resp;
+    },
+
+    // Create a new collection with an identical list of models as this one.
+    clone: function() {
+      return new this.constructor(this.models, {
+        model: this.model,
+        comparator: this.comparator
+      });
+    },
+
+    // Define how to uniquely identify models in the collection.
+    modelId: function(attrs) {
+      return attrs[this.model.prototype.idAttribute || 'id'];
+    },
+
+    // Private method to reset all internal state. Called when the collection
+    // is first initialized or reset.
+    _reset: function() {
+      this.length = 0;
+      this.models = [];
+      this._byId  = {};
+    },
+
+    // Prepare a hash of attributes (or other model) to be added to this
+    // collection.
+    _prepareModel: function(attrs, options) {
+      if (this._isModel(attrs)) {
+        if (!attrs.collection) attrs.collection = this;
+        return attrs;
+      }
+      options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
+      options.collection = this;
+      var model = new this.model(attrs, options);
+      if (!model.validationError) return model;
+      this.trigger('invalid', this, model.validationError, options);
+      return false;
+    },
+
+    // Internal method called by both remove and set.
+    _removeModels: function(models, options) {
+      var removed = [];
+      for (var i = 0; i < models.length; i++) {
+        var model = this.get(models[i]);
+        if (!model) continue;
+
+        var index = this.indexOf(model);
+        this.models.splice(index, 1);
+        this.length--;
+
+        // Remove references before triggering 'remove' event to prevent an
+        // infinite loop. #3693
+        delete this._byId[model.cid];
+        var id = this.modelId(model.attributes);
+        if (id != null) delete this._byId[id];
+
+        if (!options.silent) {
+          options.index = index;
+          model.trigger('remove', model, this, options);
+        }
+
+        removed.push(model);
+        this._removeReference(model, options);
+      }
+      return removed;
+    },
+
+    // Method for checking whether an object should be considered a model for
+    // the purposes of adding to the collection.
+    _isModel: function(model) {
+      return model instanceof Model;
+    },
+
+    // Internal method to create a model's ties to a collection.
+    _addReference: function(model, options) {
+      this._byId[model.cid] = model;
+      var id = this.modelId(model.attributes);
+      if (id != null) this._byId[id] = model;
+      model.on('all', this._onModelEvent, this);
+    },
+
+    // Internal method to sever a model's ties to a collection.
+    _removeReference: function(model, options) {
+      delete this._byId[model.cid];
+      var id = this.modelId(model.attributes);
+      if (id != null) delete this._byId[id];
+      if (this === model.collection) delete model.collection;
+      model.off('all', this._onModelEvent, this);
+    },
+
+    // Internal method called every time a model in the set fires an event.
+    // Sets need to update their indexes when models change ids. All other
+    // events simply proxy through. "add" and "remove" events that originate
+    // in other collections are ignored.
+    _onModelEvent: function(event, model, collection, options) {
+      if (model) {
+        if ((event === 'add' || event === 'remove') && collection !== this) return;
+        if (event === 'destroy') this.remove(model, options);
+        if (event === 'change') {
+          var prevId = this.modelId(model.previousAttributes());
+          var id = this.modelId(model.attributes);
+          if (prevId !== id) {
+            if (prevId != null) delete this._byId[prevId];
+            if (id != null) this._byId[id] = model;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      this.trigger.apply(this, arguments);
+    }
+
+  });
+
+  // Underscore methods that we want to implement on the Collection.
+  // 90% of the core usefulness of Backbone Collections is actually implemented
+  // right here:
+  var collectionMethods = {forEach: 3, each: 3, map: 3, collect: 3, reduce: 0,
+      foldl: 0, inject: 0, reduceRight: 0, foldr: 0, find: 3, detect: 3, filter: 3,
+      select: 3, reject: 3, every: 3, all: 3, some: 3, any: 3, include: 3, includes: 3,
+      contains: 3, invoke: 0, max: 3, min: 3, toArray: 1, size: 1, first: 3,
+      head: 3, take: 3, initial: 3, rest: 3, tail: 3, drop: 3, last: 3,
+      without: 0, difference: 0, indexOf: 3, shuffle: 1, lastIndexOf: 3,
+      isEmpty: 1, chain: 1, sample: 3, partition: 3, groupBy: 3, countBy: 3,
+      sortBy: 3, indexBy: 3, findIndex: 3, findLastIndex: 3};
+
+  // Mix in each Underscore method as a proxy to `Collection#models`.
+  addUnderscoreMethods(Collection, collectionMethods, 'models');
+
+  // Backbone.View
+  // -------------
+
+  // Backbone Views are almost more convention than they are actual code. A View
+  // is simply a JavaScript object that represents a logical chunk of UI in the
+  // DOM. This might be a single item, an entire list, a sidebar or panel, or
+  // even the surrounding frame which wraps your whole app. Defining a chunk of
+  // UI as a **View** allows you to define your DOM events declaratively, without
+  // having to worry about render order ... and makes it easy for the view to
+  // react to specific changes in the state of your models.
+
+  // Creating a Backbone.View creates its initial element outside of the DOM,
+  // if an existing element is not provided...
+  var View = Backbone.View = function(options) {
+    this.cid = _.uniqueId('view');
+    _.extend(this, _.pick(options, viewOptions));
+    this._ensureElement();
+    this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
+  };
+
+  // Cached regex to split keys for `delegate`.
+  var delegateEventSplitter = /^(\S+)\s*(.*)$/;
+
+  // List of view options to be set as properties.
+  var viewOptions = ['model', 'collection', 'el', 'id', 'attributes', 'className', 'tagName', 'events'];
+
+  // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.View** properties and methods.
+  _.extend(View.prototype, Events, {
+
+    // The default `tagName` of a View's element is `"div"`.
+    tagName: 'div',
+
+    // jQuery delegate for element lookup, scoped to DOM elements within the
+    // current view. This should be preferred to global lookups where possible.
+    $: function(selector) {
+      return this.$el.find(selector);
+    },
+
+    // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
+    // initialization logic.
+    initialize: function(){},
+
+    // **render** is the core function that your view should override, in order
+    // to populate its element (`this.el`), with the appropriate HTML. The
+    // convention is for **render** to always return `this`.
+    render: function() {
+      return this;
+    },
+
+    // Remove this view by taking the element out of the DOM, and removing any
+    // applicable Backbone.Events listeners.
+    remove: function() {
+      this._removeElement();
+      this.stopListening();
+      return this;
+    },
+
+    // Remove this view's element from the document and all event listeners
+    // attached to it. Exposed for subclasses using an alternative DOM
+    // manipulation API.
+    _removeElement: function() {
+      this.$el.remove();
+    },
+
+    // Change the view's element (`this.el` property) and re-delegate the
+    // view's events on the new element.
+    setElement: function(element) {
+      this.undelegateEvents();
+      this._setElement(element);
+      this.delegateEvents();
+      return this;
+    },
+
+    // Creates the `this.el` and `this.$el` references for this view using the
+    // given `el`. `el` can be a CSS selector or an HTML string, a jQuery
+    // context or an element. Subclasses can override this to utilize an
+    // alternative DOM manipulation API and are only required to set the
+    // `this.el` property.
+    _setElement: function(el) {
+      this.$el = el instanceof Backbone.$ ? el : Backbone.$(el);
+      this.el = this.$el[0];
+    },
+
+    // Set callbacks, where `this.events` is a hash of
+    //
+    // *{"event selector": "callback"}*
+    //
+    //     {
+    //       'mousedown .title':  'edit',
+    //       'click .button':     'save',
+    //       'click .open':       function(e) { ... }
+    //     }
+    //
+    // pairs. Callbacks will be bound to the view, with `this` set properly.
+    // Uses event delegation for efficiency.
+    // Omitting the selector binds the event to `this.el`.
+    delegateEvents: function(events) {
+      events || (events = _.result(this, 'events'));
+      if (!events) return this;
+      this.undelegateEvents();
+      for (var key in events) {
+        var method = events[key];
+        if (!_.isFunction(method)) method = this[method];
+        if (!method) continue;
+        var match = key.match(delegateEventSplitter);
+        this.delegate(match[1], match[2], _.bind(method, this));
+      }
+      return this;
+    },
+
+    // Add a single event listener to the view's element (or a child element
+    // using `selector`). This only works for delegate-able events: not `focus`,
+    // `blur`, and not `change`, `submit`, and `reset` in Internet Explorer.
+    delegate: function(eventName, selector, listener) {
+      this.$el.on(eventName + '.delegateEvents' + this.cid, selector, listener);
+      return this;
+    },
+
+    // Clears all callbacks previously bound to the view by `delegateEvents`.
+    // You usually don't need to use this, but may wish to if you have multiple
+    // Backbone views attached to the same DOM element.
+    undelegateEvents: function() {
+      if (this.$el) this.$el.off('.delegateEvents' + this.cid);
+      return this;
+    },
+
+    // A finer-grained `undelegateEvents` for removing a single delegated event.
+    // `selector` and `listener` are both optional.
+    undelegate: function(eventName, selector, listener) {
+      this.$el.off(eventName + '.delegateEvents' + this.cid, selector, listener);
+      return this;
+    },
+
+    // Produces a DOM element to be assigned to your view. Exposed for
+    // subclasses using an alternative DOM manipulation API.
+    _createElement: function(tagName) {
+      return document.createElement(tagName);
+    },
+
+    // Ensure that the View has a DOM element to render into.
+    // If `this.el` is a string, pass it through `$()`, take the first
+    // matching element, and re-assign it to `el`. Otherwise, create
+    // an element from the `id`, `className` and `tagName` properties.
+    _ensureElement: function() {
+      if (!this.el) {
+        var attrs = _.extend({}, _.result(this, 'attributes'));
+        if (this.id) attrs.id = _.result(this, 'id');
+        if (this.className) attrs['class'] = _.result(this, 'className');
+        this.setElement(this._createElement(_.result(this, 'tagName')));
+        this._setAttributes(attrs);
+      } else {
+        this.setElement(_.result(this, 'el'));
+      }
+    },
+
+    // Set attributes from a hash on this view's element.  Exposed for
+    // subclasses using an alternative DOM manipulation API.
+    _setAttributes: function(attributes) {
+      this.$el.attr(attributes);
+    }
+
+  });
+
+  // Backbone.sync
+  // -------------
+
+  // Override this function to change the manner in which Backbone persists
+  // models to the server. You will be passed the type of request, and the
+  // model in question. By default, makes a RESTful Ajax request
+  // to the model's `url()`. Some possible customizations could be:
+  //
+  // * Use `setTimeout` to batch rapid-fire updates into a single request.
+  // * Send up the models as XML instead of JSON.
+  // * Persist models via WebSockets instead of Ajax.
+  //
+  // Turn on `Backbone.emulateHTTP` in order to send `PUT` and `DELETE` requests
+  // as `POST`, with a `_method` parameter containing the true HTTP method,
+  // as well as all requests with the body as `application/x-www-form-urlencoded`
+  // instead of `application/json` with the model in a param named `model`.
+  // Useful when interfacing with server-side languages like **PHP** that make
+  // it difficult to read the body of `PUT` requests.
+  Backbone.sync = function(method, model, options) {
+    var type = methodMap[method];
+
+    // Default options, unless specified.
+    _.defaults(options || (options = {}), {
+      emulateHTTP: Backbone.emulateHTTP,
+      emulateJSON: Backbone.emulateJSON
+    });
+
+    // Default JSON-request options.
+    var params = {type: type, dataType: 'json'};
+
+    // Ensure that we have a URL.
+    if (!options.url) {
+      params.url = _.result(model, 'url') || urlError();
+    }
+
+    // Ensure that we have the appropriate request data.
+    if (options.data == null && model && (method === 'create' || method === 'update' || method === 'patch')) {
+      params.contentType = 'application/json';
+      params.data = JSON.stringify(options.attrs || model.toJSON(options));
+    }
+
+    // For older servers, emulate JSON by encoding the request into an HTML-form.
+    if (options.emulateJSON) {
+      params.contentType = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded';
+      params.data = params.data ? {model: params.data} : {};
+    }
+
+    // For older servers, emulate HTTP by mimicking the HTTP method with `_method`
+    // And an `X-HTTP-Method-Override` header.
+    if (options.emulateHTTP && (type === 'PUT' || type === 'DELETE' || type === 'PATCH')) {
+      params.type = 'POST';
+      if (options.emulateJSON) params.data._method = type;
+      var beforeSend = options.beforeSend;
+      options.beforeSend = function(xhr) {
+        xhr.setRequestHeader('X-HTTP-Method-Override', type);
+        if (beforeSend) return beforeSend.apply(this, arguments);
+      };
+    }
+
+    // Don't process data on a non-GET request.
+    if (params.type !== 'GET' && !options.emulateJSON) {
+      params.processData = false;
+    }
+
+    // Pass along `textStatus` and `errorThrown` from jQuery.
+    var error = options.error;
+    options.error = function(xhr, textStatus, errorThrown) {
+      options.textStatus = textStatus;
+      options.errorThrown = errorThrown;
+      if (error) error.call(options.context, xhr, textStatus, errorThrown);
+    };
+
+    // Make the request, allowing the user to override any Ajax options.
+    var xhr = options.xhr = Backbone.ajax(_.extend(params, options));
+    model.trigger('request', model, xhr, options);
+    return xhr;
+  };
+
+  // Map from CRUD to HTTP for our default `Backbone.sync` implementation.
+  var methodMap = {
+    'create': 'POST',
+    'update': 'PUT',
+    'patch': 'PATCH',
+    'delete': 'DELETE',
+    'read': 'GET'
+  };
+
+  // Set the default implementation of `Backbone.ajax` to proxy through to `$`.
+  // Override this if you'd like to use a different library.
+  Backbone.ajax = function() {
+    return Backbone.$.ajax.apply(Backbone.$, arguments);
+  };
+
+  // Backbone.Router
+  // ---------------
+
+  // Routers map faux-URLs to actions, and fire events when routes are
+  // matched. Creating a new one sets its `routes` hash, if not set statically.
+  var Router = Backbone.Router = function(options) {
+    options || (options = {});
+    if (options.routes) this.routes = options.routes;
+    this._bindRoutes();
+    this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
+  };
+
+  // Cached regular expressions for matching named param parts and splatted
+  // parts of route strings.
+  var optionalParam = /\((.*?)\)/g;
+  var namedParam    = /(\(\?)?:\w+/g;
+  var splatParam    = /\*\w+/g;
+  var escapeRegExp  = /[\-{}\[\]+?.,\\\^$|#\s]/g;
+
+  // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.Router** properties and methods.
+  _.extend(Router.prototype, Events, {
+
+    // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
+    // initialization logic.
+    initialize: function(){},
+
+    // Manually bind a single named route to a callback. For example:
+    //
+    //     this.route('search/:query/p:num', 'search', function(query, num) {
+    //       ...
+    //     });
+    //
+    route: function(route, name, callback) {
+      if (!_.isRegExp(route)) route = this._routeToRegExp(route);
+      if (_.isFunction(name)) {
+        callback = name;
+        name = '';
+      }
+      if (!callback) callback = this[name];
+      var router = this;
+      Backbone.history.route(route, function(fragment) {
+        var args = router._extractParameters(route, fragment);
+        if (router.execute(callback, args, name) !== false) {
+          router.trigger.apply(router, ['route:' + name].concat(args));
+          router.trigger('route', name, args);
+          Backbone.history.trigger('route', router, name, args);
+        }
+      });
+      return this;
+    },
+
+    // Execute a route handler with the provided parameters.  This is an
+    // excellent place to do pre-route setup or post-route cleanup.
+    execute: function(callback, args, name) {
+      if (callback) callback.apply(this, args);
+    },
+
+    // Simple proxy to `Backbone.history` to save a fragment into the history.
+    navigate: function(fragment, options) {
+      Backbone.history.navigate(fragment, options);
+      return this;
+    },
+
+    // Bind all defined routes to `Backbone.history`. We have to reverse the
+    // order of the routes here to support behavior where the most general
+    // routes can be defined at the bottom of the route map.
+    _bindRoutes: function() {
+      if (!this.routes) return;
+      this.routes = _.result(this, 'routes');
+      var route, routes = _.keys(this.routes);
+      while ((route = routes.pop()) != null) {
+        this.route(route, this.routes[route]);
+      }
+    },
+
+    // Convert a route string into a regular expression, suitable for matching
+    // against the current location hash.
+    _routeToRegExp: function(route) {
+      route = route.replace(escapeRegExp, '\\$&')
+                   .replace(optionalParam, '(?:$1)?')
+                   .replace(namedParam, function(match, optional) {
+                     return optional ? match : '([^/?]+)';
+                   })
+                   .replace(splatParam, '([^?]*?)');
+      return new RegExp('^' + route + '(?:\\?([\\s\\S]*))?$');
+    },
+
+    // Given a route, and a URL fragment that it matches, return the array of
+    // extracted decoded parameters. Empty or unmatched parameters will be
+    // treated as `null` to normalize cross-browser behavior.
+    _extractParameters: function(route, fragment) {
+      var params = route.exec(fragment).slice(1);
+      return _.map(params, function(param, i) {
+        // Don't decode the search params.
+        if (i === params.length - 1) return param || null;
+        return param ? decodeURIComponent(param) : null;
+      });
+    }
+
+  });
+
+  // Backbone.History
+  // ----------------
+
+  // Handles cross-browser history management, based on either
+  // [pushState](http://diveintohtml5.info/history.html) and real URLs, or
+  // [onhashchange](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/DOM/window.onhashchange)
+  // and URL fragments. If the browser supports neither (old IE, natch),
+  // falls back to polling.
+  var History = Backbone.History = function() {
+    this.handlers = [];
+    this.checkUrl = _.bind(this.checkUrl, this);
+
+    // Ensure that `History` can be used outside of the browser.
+    if (typeof window !== 'undefined') {
+      this.location = window.location;
+      this.history = window.history;
+    }
+  };
+
+  // Cached regex for stripping a leading hash/slash and trailing space.
+  var routeStripper = /^[#\/]|\s+$/g;
+
+  // Cached regex for stripping leading and trailing slashes.
+  var rootStripper = /^\/+|\/+$/g;
+
+  // Cached regex for stripping urls of hash.
+  var pathStripper = /#.*$/;
+
+  // Has the history handling already been started?
+  History.started = false;
+
+  // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.History** properties and methods.
+  _.extend(History.prototype, Events, {
+
+    // The default interval to poll for hash changes, if necessary, is
+    // twenty times a second.
+    interval: 50,
+
+    // Are we at the app root?
+    atRoot: function() {
+      var path = this.location.pathname.replace(/[^\/]$/, '$&/');
+      return path === this.root && !this.getSearch();
+    },
+
+    // Does the pathname match the root?
+    matchRoot: function() {
+      var path = this.decodeFragment(this.location.pathname);
+      var rootPath = path.slice(0, this.root.length - 1) + '/';
+      return rootPath === this.root;
+    },
+
+    // Unicode characters in `location.pathname` are percent encoded so they're
+    // decoded for comparison. `%25` should not be decoded since it may be part
+    // of an encoded parameter.
+    decodeFragment: function(fragment) {
+      return decodeURI(fragment.replace(/%25/g, '%2525'));
+    },
+
+    // In IE6, the hash fragment and search params are incorrect if the
+    // fragment contains `?`.
+    getSearch: function() {
+      var match = this.location.href.replace(/#.*/, '').match(/\?.+/);
+      return match ? match[0] : '';
+    },
+
+    // Gets the true hash value. Cannot use location.hash directly due to bug
+    // in Firefox where location.hash will always be decoded.
+    getHash: function(window) {
+      var match = (window || this).location.href.match(/#(.*)$/);
+      return match ? match[1] : '';
+    },
+
+    // Get the pathname and search params, without the root.
+    getPath: function() {
+      var path = this.decodeFragment(
+        this.location.pathname + this.getSearch()
+      ).slice(this.root.length - 1);
+      return path.charAt(0) === '/' ? path.slice(1) : path;
+    },
+
+    // Get the cross-browser normalized URL fragment from the path or hash.
+    getFragment: function(fragment) {
+      if (fragment == null) {
+        if (this._usePushState || !this._wantsHashChange) {
+          fragment = this.getPath();
+        } else {
+          fragment = this.getHash();
+        }
+      }
+      return fragment.replace(routeStripper, '');
+    },
+
+    // Start the hash change handling, returning `true` if the current URL matches
+    // an existing route, and `false` otherwise.
+    start: function(options) {
+      if (History.started) throw new Error('Backbone.history has already been started');
+      History.started = true;
+
+      // Figure out the initial configuration. Do we need an iframe?
+      // Is pushState desired ... is it available?
+      this.options          = _.extend({root: '/'}, this.options, options);
+      this.root             = this.options.root;
+      this._wantsHashChange = this.options.hashChange !== false;
+      this._hasHashChange   = 'onhashchange' in window && (document.documentMode === void 0 || document.documentMode > 7);
+      this._useHashChange   = this._wantsHashChange && this._hasHashChange;
+      this._wantsPushState  = !!this.options.pushState;
+      this._hasPushState    = !!(this.history && this.history.pushState);
+      this._usePushState    = this._wantsPushState && this._hasPushState;
+      this.fragment         = this.getFragment();
+
+      // Normalize root to always include a leading and trailing slash.
+      this.root = ('/' + this.root + '/').replace(rootStripper, '/');
+
+      // Transition from hashChange to pushState or vice versa if both are
+      // requested.
+      if (this._wantsHashChange && this._wantsPushState) {
+
+        // If we've started off with a route from a `pushState`-enabled
+        // browser, but we're currently in a browser that doesn't support it...
+        if (!this._hasPushState && !this.atRoot()) {
+          var rootPath = this.root.slice(0, -1) || '/';
+          this.location.replace(rootPath + '#' + this.getPath());
+          // Return immediately as browser will do redirect to new url
+          return true;
+
+        // Or if we've started out with a hash-based route, but we're currently
+        // in a browser where it could be `pushState`-based instead...
+        } else if (this._hasPushState && this.atRoot()) {
+          this.navigate(this.getHash(), {replace: true});
+        }
+
+      }
+
+      // Proxy an iframe to handle location events if the browser doesn't
+      // support the `hashchange` event, HTML5 history, or the user wants
+      // `hashChange` but not `pushState`.
+      if (!this._hasHashChange && this._wantsHashChange && !this._usePushState) {
+        this.iframe = document.createElement('iframe');
+        this.iframe.src = 'javascript:0';
+        this.iframe.style.display = 'none';
+        this.iframe.tabIndex = -1;
+        var body = document.body;
+        // Using `appendChild` will throw on IE < 9 if the document is not ready.
+        var iWindow = body.insertBefore(this.iframe, body.firstChild).contentWindow;
+        iWindow.document.open();
+        iWindow.document.close();
+        iWindow.location.hash = '#' + this.fragment;
+      }
+
+      // Add a cross-platform `addEventListener` shim for older browsers.
+      var addEventListener = window.addEventListener || function(eventName, listener) {
+        return attachEvent('on' + eventName, listener);
+      };
+
+      // Depending on whether we're using pushState or hashes, and whether
+      // 'onhashchange' is supported, determine how we check the URL state.
+      if (this._usePushState) {
+        addEventListener('popstate', this.checkUrl, false);
+      } else if (this._useHashChange && !this.iframe) {
+        addEventListener('hashchange', this.checkUrl, false);
+      } else if (this._wantsHashChange) {
+        this._checkUrlInterval = setInterval(this.checkUrl, this.interval);
+      }
+
+      if (!this.options.silent) return this.loadUrl();
+    },
+
+    // Disable Backbone.history, perhaps temporarily. Not useful in a real app,
+    // but possibly useful for unit testing Routers.
+    stop: function() {
+      // Add a cross-platform `removeEventListener` shim for older browsers.
+      var removeEventListener = window.removeEventListener || function(eventName, listener) {
+        return detachEvent('on' + eventName, listener);
+      };
+
+      // Remove window listeners.
+      if (this._usePushState) {
+        removeEventListener('popstate', this.checkUrl, false);
+      } else if (this._useHashChange && !this.iframe) {
+        removeEventListener('hashchange', this.checkUrl, false);
+      }
+
+      // Clean up the iframe if necessary.
+      if (this.iframe) {
+        document.body.removeChild(this.iframe);
+        this.iframe = null;
+      }
+
+      // Some environments will throw when clearing an undefined interval.
+      if (this._checkUrlInterval) clearInterval(this._checkUrlInterval);
+      History.started = false;
+    },
+
+    // Add a route to be tested when the fragment changes. Routes added later
+    // may override previous routes.
+    route: function(route, callback) {
+      this.handlers.unshift({route: route, callback: callback});
+    },
+
+    // Checks the current URL to see if it has changed, and if it has,
+    // calls `loadUrl`, normalizing across the hidden iframe.
+    checkUrl: function(e) {
+      var current = this.getFragment();
+
+      // If the user pressed the back button, the iframe's hash will have
+      // changed and we should use that for comparison.
+      if (current === this.fragment && this.iframe) {
+        current = this.getHash(this.iframe.contentWindow);
+      }
+
+      if (current === this.fragment) return false;
+      if (this.iframe) this.navigate(current);
+      this.loadUrl();
+    },
+
+    // Attempt to load the current URL fragment. If a route succeeds with a
+    // match, returns `true`. If no defined routes matches the fragment,
+    // returns `false`.
+    loadUrl: function(fragment) {
+      // If the root doesn't match, no routes can match either.
+      if (!this.matchRoot()) return false;
+      fragment = this.fragment = this.getFragment(fragment);
+      return _.some(this.handlers, function(handler) {
+        if (handler.route.test(fragment)) {
+          handler.callback(fragment);
+          return true;
+        }
+      });
+    },
+
+    // Save a fragment into the hash history, or replace the URL state if the
+    // 'replace' option is passed. You are responsible for properly URL-encoding
+    // the fragment in advance.
+    //
+    // The options object can contain `trigger: true` if you wish to have the
+    // route callback be fired (not usually desirable), or `replace: true`, if
+    // you wish to modify the current URL without adding an entry to the history.
+    navigate: function(fragment, options) {
+      if (!History.started) return false;
+      if (!options || options === true) options = {trigger: !!options};
+
+      // Normalize the fragment.
+      fragment = this.getFragment(fragment || '');
+
+      // Don't include a trailing slash on the root.
+      var rootPath = this.root;
+      if (fragment === '' || fragment.charAt(0) === '?') {
+        rootPath = rootPath.slice(0, -1) || '/';
+      }
+      var url = rootPath + fragment;
+
+      // Strip the hash and decode for matching.
+      fragment = this.decodeFragment(fragment.replace(pathStripper, ''));
+
+      if (this.fragment === fragment) return;
+      this.fragment = fragment;
+
+      // If pushState is available, we use it to set the fragment as a real URL.
+      if (this._usePushState) {
+        this.history[options.replace ? 'replaceState' : 'pushState']({}, document.title, url);
+
+      // If hash changes haven't been explicitly disabled, update the hash
+      // fragment to store history.
+      } else if (this._wantsHashChange) {
+        this._updateHash(this.location, fragment, options.replace);
+        if (this.iframe && fragment !== this.getHash(this.iframe.contentWindow)) {
+          var iWindow = this.iframe.contentWindow;
+
+          // Opening and closing the iframe tricks IE7 and earlier to push a
+          // history entry on hash-tag change.  When replace is true, we don't
+          // want this.
+          if (!options.replace) {
+            iWindow.document.open();
+            iWindow.document.close();
+          }
+
+          this._updateHash(iWindow.location, fragment, options.replace);
+        }
+
+      // If you've told us that you explicitly don't want fallback hashchange-
+      // based history, then `navigate` becomes a page refresh.
+      } else {
+        return this.location.assign(url);
+      }
+      if (options.trigger) return this.loadUrl(fragment);
+    },
+
+    // Update the hash location, either replacing the current entry, or adding
+    // a new one to the browser history.
+    _updateHash: function(location, fragment, replace) {
+      if (replace) {
+        var href = location.href.replace(/(javascript:|#).*$/, '');
+        location.replace(href + '#' + fragment);
+      } else {
+        // Some browsers require that `hash` contains a leading #.
+        location.hash = '#' + fragment;
+      }
+    }
+
+  });
+
+  // Create the default Backbone.history.
+  Backbone.history = new History;
+
+  // Helpers
+  // -------
+
+  // Helper function to correctly set up the prototype chain for subclasses.
+  // Similar to `goog.inherits`, but uses a hash of prototype properties and
+  // class properties to be extended.
+  var extend = function(protoProps, staticProps) {
+    var parent = this;
+    var child;
+
+    // The constructor function for the new subclass is either defined by you
+    // (the "constructor" property in your `extend` definition), or defaulted
+    // by us to simply call the parent constructor.
+    if (protoProps && _.has(protoProps, 'constructor')) {
+      child = protoProps.constructor;
+    } else {
+      child = function(){ return parent.apply(this, arguments); };
+    }
+
+    // Add static properties to the constructor function, if supplied.
+    _.extend(child, parent, staticProps);
+
+    // Set the prototype chain to inherit from `parent`, without calling
+    // `parent`'s constructor function and add the prototype properties.
+    child.prototype = _.create(parent.prototype, protoProps);
+    child.prototype.constructor = child;
+
+    // Set a convenience property in case the parent's prototype is needed
+    // later.
+    child.__super__ = parent.prototype;
+
+    return child;
+  };
+
+  // Set up inheritance for the model, collection, router, view and history.
+  Model.extend = Collection.extend = Router.extend = View.extend = History.extend = extend;
+
+  // Throw an error when a URL is needed, and none is supplied.
+  var urlError = function() {
+    throw new Error('A "url" property or function must be specified');
+  };
+
+  // Wrap an optional error callback with a fallback error event.
+  var wrapError = function(model, options) {
+    var error = options.error;
+    options.error = function(resp) {
+      if (error) error.call(options.context, model, resp, options);
+      model.trigger('error', model, resp, options);
+    };
+  };
+
+  return Backbone;
+});
diff --git a/ecomp-portal-FE/client/bower_components/lodash/vendor/backbone/test/collection.js b/ecomp-portal-FE/client/bower_components/lodash/vendor/backbone/test/collection.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dd98aca5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ecomp-portal-FE/client/bower_components/lodash/vendor/backbone/test/collection.js
@@ -0,0 +1,1998 @@
+(function() {
+
+  var a, b, c, d, e, col, otherCol;
+
+  QUnit.module('Backbone.Collection', {
+
+    beforeEach: function(assert) {
+      a         = new Backbone.Model({id: 3, label: 'a'});
+      b         = new Backbone.Model({id: 2, label: 'b'});
+      c         = new Backbone.Model({id: 1, label: 'c'});
+      d         = new Backbone.Model({id: 0, label: 'd'});
+      e         = null;
+      col       = new Backbone.Collection([a, b, c, d]);
+      otherCol  = new Backbone.Collection();
+    }
+
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('new and sort', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(6);
+    var counter = 0;
+    col.on('sort', function(){ counter++; });
+    assert.deepEqual(col.pluck('label'), ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']);
+    col.comparator = function(m1, m2) {
+      return m1.id > m2.id ? -1 : 1;
+    };
+    col.sort();
+    assert.equal(counter, 1);
+    assert.deepEqual(col.pluck('label'), ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']);
+    col.comparator = function(model) { return model.id; };
+    col.sort();
+    assert.equal(counter, 2);
+    assert.deepEqual(col.pluck('label'), ['d', 'c', 'b', 'a']);
+    assert.equal(col.length, 4);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('String comparator.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection([
+      {id: 3},
+      {id: 1},
+      {id: 2}
+    ], {comparator: 'id'});
+    assert.deepEqual(collection.pluck('id'), [1, 2, 3]);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('new and parse', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(3);
+    var Collection = Backbone.Collection.extend({
+      parse: function(data) {
+        return _.filter(data, function(datum) {
+          return datum.a % 2 === 0;
+        });
+      }
+    });
+    var models = [{a: 1}, {a: 2}, {a: 3}, {a: 4}];
+    var collection = new Collection(models, {parse: true});
+    assert.strictEqual(collection.length, 2);
+    assert.strictEqual(collection.first().get('a'), 2);
+    assert.strictEqual(collection.last().get('a'), 4);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('clone preserves model and comparator', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(3);
+    var Model = Backbone.Model.extend();
+    var comparator = function(model){ return model.id; };
+
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection([{id: 1}], {
+      model: Model,
+      comparator: comparator
+    }).clone();
+    collection.add({id: 2});
+    assert.ok(collection.at(0) instanceof Model);
+    assert.ok(collection.at(1) instanceof Model);
+    assert.strictEqual(collection.comparator, comparator);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('get', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(6);
+    assert.equal(col.get(0), d);
+    assert.equal(col.get(d.clone()), d);
+    assert.equal(col.get(2), b);
+    assert.equal(col.get({id: 1}), c);
+    assert.equal(col.get(c.clone()), c);
+    assert.equal(col.get(col.first().cid), col.first());
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('get with non-default ids', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(5);
+    var MongoModel = Backbone.Model.extend({idAttribute: '_id'});
+    var model = new MongoModel({_id: 100});
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection([model], {model: MongoModel});
+    assert.equal(collection.get(100), model);
+    assert.equal(collection.get(model.cid), model);
+    assert.equal(collection.get(model), model);
+    assert.equal(collection.get(101), void 0);
+
+    var collection2 = new Backbone.Collection();
+    collection2.model = MongoModel;
+    collection2.add(model.attributes);
+    assert.equal(collection2.get(model.clone()), collection2.first());
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('has', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(15);
+    assert.ok(col.has(a));
+    assert.ok(col.has(b));
+    assert.ok(col.has(c));
+    assert.ok(col.has(d));
+    assert.ok(col.has(a.id));
+    assert.ok(col.has(b.id));
+    assert.ok(col.has(c.id));
+    assert.ok(col.has(d.id));
+    assert.ok(col.has(a.cid));
+    assert.ok(col.has(b.cid));
+    assert.ok(col.has(c.cid));
+    assert.ok(col.has(d.cid));
+    var outsider = new Backbone.Model({id: 4});
+    assert.notOk(col.has(outsider));
+    assert.notOk(col.has(outsider.id));
+    assert.notOk(col.has(outsider.cid));
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('update index when id changes', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(4);
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection();
+    collection.add([
+      {id: 0, name: 'one'},
+      {id: 1, name: 'two'}
+    ]);
+    var one = collection.get(0);
+    assert.equal(one.get('name'), 'one');
+    collection.on('change:name', function(model) { assert.ok(this.get(model)); });
+    one.set({name: 'dalmatians', id: 101});
+    assert.equal(collection.get(0), null);
+    assert.equal(collection.get(101).get('name'), 'dalmatians');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('at', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    assert.equal(col.at(2), c);
+    assert.equal(col.at(-2), c);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('pluck', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    assert.equal(col.pluck('label').join(' '), 'a b c d');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('add', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(14);
+    var added, opts, secondAdded;
+    added = opts = secondAdded = null;
+    e = new Backbone.Model({id: 10, label: 'e'});
+    otherCol.add(e);
+    otherCol.on('add', function() {
+      secondAdded = true;
+    });
+    col.on('add', function(model, collection, options){
+      added = model.get('label');
+      opts = options;
+    });
+    col.add(e, {amazing: true});
+    assert.equal(added, 'e');
+    assert.equal(col.length, 5);
+    assert.equal(col.last(), e);
+    assert.equal(otherCol.length, 1);
+    assert.equal(secondAdded, null);
+    assert.ok(opts.amazing);
+
+    var f = new Backbone.Model({id: 20, label: 'f'});
+    var g = new Backbone.Model({id: 21, label: 'g'});
+    var h = new Backbone.Model({id: 22, label: 'h'});
+    var atCol = new Backbone.Collection([f, g, h]);
+    assert.equal(atCol.length, 3);
+    atCol.add(e, {at: 1});
+    assert.equal(atCol.length, 4);
+    assert.equal(atCol.at(1), e);
+    assert.equal(atCol.last(), h);
+
+    var coll = new Backbone.Collection(new Array(2));
+    var addCount = 0;
+    coll.on('add', function(){
+      addCount += 1;
+    });
+    coll.add([undefined, f, g]);
+    assert.equal(coll.length, 5);
+    assert.equal(addCount, 3);
+    coll.add(new Array(4));
+    assert.equal(coll.length, 9);
+    assert.equal(addCount, 7);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('add multiple models', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(6);
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection([{at: 0}, {at: 1}, {at: 9}]);
+    collection.add([{at: 2}, {at: 3}, {at: 4}, {at: 5}, {at: 6}, {at: 7}, {at: 8}], {at: 2});
+    for (var i = 0; i <= 5; i++) {
+      assert.equal(collection.at(i).get('at'), i);
+    }
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('add; at should have preference over comparator', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var Col = Backbone.Collection.extend({
+      comparator: function(m1, m2) {
+        return m1.id > m2.id ? -1 : 1;
+      }
+    });
+
+    var collection = new Col([{id: 2}, {id: 3}]);
+    collection.add(new Backbone.Model({id: 1}), {at: 1});
+
+    assert.equal(collection.pluck('id').join(' '), '3 1 2');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('add; at should add to the end if the index is out of bounds', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection([{id: 2}, {id: 3}]);
+    collection.add(new Backbone.Model({id: 1}), {at: 5});
+
+    assert.equal(collection.pluck('id').join(' '), '2 3 1');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test("can't add model to collection twice", function(assert) {
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection([{id: 1}, {id: 2}, {id: 1}, {id: 2}, {id: 3}]);
+    assert.equal(collection.pluck('id').join(' '), '1 2 3');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test("can't add different model with same id to collection twice", function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection;
+    collection.unshift({id: 101});
+    collection.add({id: 101});
+    assert.equal(collection.length, 1);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('merge in duplicate models with {merge: true}', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(3);
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection;
+    collection.add([{id: 1, name: 'Moe'}, {id: 2, name: 'Curly'}, {id: 3, name: 'Larry'}]);
+    collection.add({id: 1, name: 'Moses'});
+    assert.equal(collection.first().get('name'), 'Moe');
+    collection.add({id: 1, name: 'Moses'}, {merge: true});
+    assert.equal(collection.first().get('name'), 'Moses');
+    collection.add({id: 1, name: 'Tim'}, {merge: true, silent: true});
+    assert.equal(collection.first().get('name'), 'Tim');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('add model to multiple collections', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(10);
+    var counter = 0;
+    var m = new Backbone.Model({id: 10, label: 'm'});
+    m.on('add', function(model, collection) {
+      counter++;
+      assert.equal(m, model);
+      if (counter > 1) {
+        assert.equal(collection, col2);
+      } else {
+        assert.equal(collection, col1);
+      }
+    });
+    var col1 = new Backbone.Collection([]);
+    col1.on('add', function(model, collection) {
+      assert.equal(m, model);
+      assert.equal(col1, collection);
+    });
+    var col2 = new Backbone.Collection([]);
+    col2.on('add', function(model, collection) {
+      assert.equal(m, model);
+      assert.equal(col2, collection);
+    });
+    col1.add(m);
+    assert.equal(m.collection, col1);
+    col2.add(m);
+    assert.equal(m.collection, col1);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('add model with parse', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var Model = Backbone.Model.extend({
+      parse: function(obj) {
+        obj.value += 1;
+        return obj;
+      }
+    });
+
+    var Col = Backbone.Collection.extend({model: Model});
+    var collection = new Col;
+    collection.add({value: 1}, {parse: true});
+    assert.equal(collection.at(0).get('value'), 2);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('add with parse and merge', function(assert) {
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection();
+    collection.parse = function(attrs) {
+      return _.map(attrs, function(model) {
+        if (model.model) return model.model;
+        return model;
+      });
+    };
+    collection.add({id: 1});
+    collection.add({model: {id: 1, name: 'Alf'}}, {parse: true, merge: true});
+    assert.equal(collection.first().get('name'), 'Alf');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('add model to collection with sort()-style comparator', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(3);
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection;
+    collection.comparator = function(m1, m2) {
+      return m1.get('name') < m2.get('name') ? -1 : 1;
+    };
+    var tom = new Backbone.Model({name: 'Tom'});
+    var rob = new Backbone.Model({name: 'Rob'});
+    var tim = new Backbone.Model({name: 'Tim'});
+    collection.add(tom);
+    collection.add(rob);
+    collection.add(tim);
+    assert.equal(collection.indexOf(rob), 0);
+    assert.equal(collection.indexOf(tim), 1);
+    assert.equal(collection.indexOf(tom), 2);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('comparator that depends on `this`', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection;
+    collection.negative = function(num) {
+      return -num;
+    };
+    collection.comparator = function(model) {
+      return this.negative(model.id);
+    };
+    collection.add([{id: 1}, {id: 2}, {id: 3}]);
+    assert.deepEqual(collection.pluck('id'), [3, 2, 1]);
+    collection.comparator = function(m1, m2) {
+      return this.negative(m2.id) - this.negative(m1.id);
+    };
+    collection.sort();
+    assert.deepEqual(collection.pluck('id'), [1, 2, 3]);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('remove', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(12);
+    var removed = null;
+    var result = null;
+    col.on('remove', function(model, collection, options) {
+      removed = model.get('label');
+      assert.equal(options.index, 3);
+      assert.equal(collection.get(model), undefined, '#3693: model cannot be fetched from collection');
+    });
+    result = col.remove(d);
+    assert.equal(removed, 'd');
+    assert.strictEqual(result, d);
+    //if we try to remove d again, it's not going to actually get removed
+    result = col.remove(d);
+    assert.strictEqual(result, undefined);
+    assert.equal(col.length, 3);
+    assert.equal(col.first(), a);
+    col.off();
+    result = col.remove([c, d]);
+    assert.equal(result.length, 1, 'only returns removed models');
+    assert.equal(result[0], c, 'only returns removed models');
+    result = col.remove([c, b]);
+    assert.equal(result.length, 1, 'only returns removed models');
+    assert.equal(result[0], b, 'only returns removed models');
+    result = col.remove([]);
+    assert.deepEqual(result, [], 'returns empty array when nothing removed');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('add and remove return values', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(13);
+    var Even = Backbone.Model.extend({
+      validate: function(attrs) {
+        if (attrs.id % 2 !== 0) return 'odd';
+      }
+    });
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection;
+    collection.model = Even;
+
+    var list = collection.add([{id: 2}, {id: 4}], {validate: true});
+    assert.equal(list.length, 2);
+    assert.ok(list[0] instanceof Backbone.Model);
+    assert.equal(list[1], collection.last());
+    assert.equal(list[1].get('id'), 4);
+
+    list = collection.add([{id: 3}, {id: 6}], {validate: true});
+    assert.equal(collection.length, 3);
+    assert.equal(list[0], false);
+    assert.equal(list[1].get('id'), 6);
+
+    var result = collection.add({id: 6});
+    assert.equal(result.cid, list[1].cid);
+
+    result = collection.remove({id: 6});
+    assert.equal(collection.length, 2);
+    assert.equal(result.id, 6);
+
+    list = collection.remove([{id: 2}, {id: 8}]);
+    assert.equal(collection.length, 1);
+    assert.equal(list[0].get('id'), 2);
+    assert.equal(list[1], null);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('shift and pop', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection([{a: 'a'}, {b: 'b'}, {c: 'c'}]);
+    assert.equal(collection.shift().get('a'), 'a');
+    assert.equal(collection.pop().get('c'), 'c');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('slice', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection([{a: 'a'}, {b: 'b'}, {c: 'c'}]);
+    var array = collection.slice(1, 3);
+    assert.equal(array.length, 2);
+    assert.equal(array[0].get('b'), 'b');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('events are unbound on remove', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(3);
+    var counter = 0;
+    var dj = new Backbone.Model();
+    var emcees = new Backbone.Collection([dj]);
+    emcees.on('change', function(){ counter++; });
+    dj.set({name: 'Kool'});
+    assert.equal(counter, 1);
+    emcees.reset([]);
+    assert.equal(dj.collection, undefined);
+    dj.set({name: 'Shadow'});
+    assert.equal(counter, 1);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('remove in multiple collections', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(7);
+    var modelData = {
+      id: 5,
+      title: 'Othello'
+    };
+    var passed = false;
+    var m1 = new Backbone.Model(modelData);
+    var m2 = new Backbone.Model(modelData);
+    m2.on('remove', function() {
+      passed = true;
+    });
+    var col1 = new Backbone.Collection([m1]);
+    var col2 = new Backbone.Collection([m2]);
+    assert.notEqual(m1, m2);
+    assert.ok(col1.length === 1);
+    assert.ok(col2.length === 1);
+    col1.remove(m1);
+    assert.equal(passed, false);
+    assert.ok(col1.length === 0);
+    col2.remove(m1);
+    assert.ok(col2.length === 0);
+    assert.equal(passed, true);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('remove same model in multiple collection', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(16);
+    var counter = 0;
+    var m = new Backbone.Model({id: 5, title: 'Othello'});
+    m.on('remove', function(model, collection) {
+      counter++;
+      assert.equal(m, model);
+      if (counter > 1) {
+        assert.equal(collection, col1);
+      } else {
+        assert.equal(collection, col2);
+      }
+    });
+    var col1 = new Backbone.Collection([m]);
+    col1.on('remove', function(model, collection) {
+      assert.equal(m, model);
+      assert.equal(col1, collection);
+    });
+    var col2 = new Backbone.Collection([m]);
+    col2.on('remove', function(model, collection) {
+      assert.equal(m, model);
+      assert.equal(col2, collection);
+    });
+    assert.equal(col1, m.collection);
+    col2.remove(m);
+    assert.ok(col2.length === 0);
+    assert.ok(col1.length === 1);
+    assert.equal(counter, 1);
+    assert.equal(col1, m.collection);
+    col1.remove(m);
+    assert.equal(null, m.collection);
+    assert.ok(col1.length === 0);
+    assert.equal(counter, 2);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('model destroy removes from all collections', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(3);
+    var m = new Backbone.Model({id: 5, title: 'Othello'});
+    m.sync = function(method, model, options) { options.success(); };
+    var col1 = new Backbone.Collection([m]);
+    var col2 = new Backbone.Collection([m]);
+    m.destroy();
+    assert.ok(col1.length === 0);
+    assert.ok(col2.length === 0);
+    assert.equal(undefined, m.collection);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('Collection: non-persisted model destroy removes from all collections', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(3);
+    var m = new Backbone.Model({title: 'Othello'});
+    m.sync = function(method, model, options) { throw 'should not be called'; };
+    var col1 = new Backbone.Collection([m]);
+    var col2 = new Backbone.Collection([m]);
+    m.destroy();
+    assert.ok(col1.length === 0);
+    assert.ok(col2.length === 0);
+    assert.equal(undefined, m.collection);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('fetch', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(4);
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection;
+    collection.url = '/test';
+    collection.fetch();
+    assert.equal(this.syncArgs.method, 'read');
+    assert.equal(this.syncArgs.model, collection);
+    assert.equal(this.syncArgs.options.parse, true);
+
+    collection.fetch({parse: false});
+    assert.equal(this.syncArgs.options.parse, false);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('fetch with an error response triggers an error event', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection();
+    collection.on('error', function() {
+      assert.ok(true);
+    });
+    collection.sync = function(method, model, options) { options.error(); };
+    collection.fetch();
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#3283 - fetch with an error response calls error with context', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection();
+    var obj = {};
+    var options = {
+      context: obj,
+      error: function() {
+        assert.equal(this, obj);
+      }
+    };
+    collection.sync = function(method, model, opts) {
+      opts.error.call(opts.context);
+    };
+    collection.fetch(options);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('ensure fetch only parses once', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection;
+    var counter = 0;
+    collection.parse = function(models) {
+      counter++;
+      return models;
+    };
+    collection.url = '/test';
+    collection.fetch();
+    this.syncArgs.options.success([]);
+    assert.equal(counter, 1);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('create', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(4);
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection;
+    collection.url = '/test';
+    var model = collection.create({label: 'f'}, {wait: true});
+    assert.equal(this.syncArgs.method, 'create');
+    assert.equal(this.syncArgs.model, model);
+    assert.equal(model.get('label'), 'f');
+    assert.equal(model.collection, collection);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('create with validate:true enforces validation', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(3);
+    var ValidatingModel = Backbone.Model.extend({
+      validate: function(attrs) {
+        return 'fail';
+      }
+    });
+    var ValidatingCollection = Backbone.Collection.extend({
+      model: ValidatingModel
+    });
+    var collection = new ValidatingCollection();
+    collection.on('invalid', function(coll, error, options) {
+      assert.equal(error, 'fail');
+      assert.equal(options.validationError, 'fail');
+    });
+    assert.equal(collection.create({'foo': 'bar'}, {validate: true}), false);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('create will pass extra options to success callback', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var Model = Backbone.Model.extend({
+      sync: function(method, model, options) {
+        _.extend(options, {specialSync: true});
+        return Backbone.Model.prototype.sync.call(this, method, model, options);
+      }
+    });
+
+    var Collection = Backbone.Collection.extend({
+      model: Model,
+      url: '/test'
+    });
+
+    var collection = new Collection;
+
+    var success = function(model, response, options) {
+      assert.ok(options.specialSync, 'Options were passed correctly to callback');
+    };
+
+    collection.create({}, {success: success});
+    this.ajaxSettings.success();
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('create with wait:true should not call collection.parse', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(0);
+    var Collection = Backbone.Collection.extend({
+      url: '/test',
+      parse: function() {
+        assert.ok(false);
+      }
+    });
+
+    var collection = new Collection;
+
+    collection.create({}, {wait: true});
+    this.ajaxSettings.success();
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('a failing create returns model with errors', function(assert) {
+    var ValidatingModel = Backbone.Model.extend({
+      validate: function(attrs) {
+        return 'fail';
+      }
+    });
+    var ValidatingCollection = Backbone.Collection.extend({
+      model: ValidatingModel
+    });
+    var collection = new ValidatingCollection();
+    var m = collection.create({foo: 'bar'});
+    assert.equal(m.validationError, 'fail');
+    assert.equal(collection.length, 1);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('initialize', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var Collection = Backbone.Collection.extend({
+      initialize: function() {
+        this.one = 1;
+      }
+    });
+    var coll = new Collection;
+    assert.equal(coll.one, 1);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('toJSON', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    assert.equal(JSON.stringify(col), '[{"id":3,"label":"a"},{"id":2,"label":"b"},{"id":1,"label":"c"},{"id":0,"label":"d"}]');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('where and findWhere', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(8);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model({a: 1});
+    var coll = new Backbone.Collection([
+      model,
+      {a: 1},
+      {a: 1, b: 2},
+      {a: 2, b: 2},
+      {a: 3}
+    ]);
+    assert.equal(coll.where({a: 1}).length, 3);
+    assert.equal(coll.where({a: 2}).length, 1);
+    assert.equal(coll.where({a: 3}).length, 1);
+    assert.equal(coll.where({b: 1}).length, 0);
+    assert.equal(coll.where({b: 2}).length, 2);
+    assert.equal(coll.where({a: 1, b: 2}).length, 1);
+    assert.equal(coll.findWhere({a: 1}), model);
+    assert.equal(coll.findWhere({a: 4}), void 0);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('Underscore methods', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(21);
+    assert.equal(col.map(function(model){ return model.get('label'); }).join(' '), 'a b c d');
+    assert.equal(col.some(function(model){ return model.id === 100; }), false);
+    assert.equal(col.some(function(model){ return model.id === 0; }), true);
+    assert.equal(col.reduce(function(m1, m2) {return m1.id > m2.id ? m1 : m2;}).id, 3);
+    assert.equal(col.reduceRight(function(m1, m2) {return m1.id > m2.id ? m1 : m2;}).id, 3);
+    assert.equal(col.indexOf(b), 1);
+    assert.equal(col.size(), 4);
+    assert.equal(col.rest().length, 3);
+    assert.ok(!_.includes(col.rest(), a));
+    assert.ok(_.includes(col.rest(), d));
+    assert.ok(!col.isEmpty());
+    assert.ok(!_.includes(col.without(d), d));
+
+    var wrapped = col.chain();
+    assert.equal(wrapped.map('id').max().value(), 3);
+    assert.equal(wrapped.map('id').min().value(), 0);
+    assert.deepEqual(wrapped
+      .filter(function(o){ return o.id % 2 === 0; })
+      .map(function(o){ return o.id * 2; })
+      .value(),
+      [4, 0]);
+    assert.deepEqual(col.difference([c, d]), [a, b]);
+    assert.ok(col.includes(col.sample()));
+
+    var first = col.first();
+    assert.deepEqual(col.groupBy(function(model){ return model.id; })[first.id], [first]);
+    assert.deepEqual(col.countBy(function(model){ return model.id; }), {0: 1, 1: 1, 2: 1, 3: 1});
+    assert.deepEqual(col.sortBy(function(model){ return model.id; })[0], col.at(3));
+    assert.ok(col.indexBy('id')[first.id] === first);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('Underscore methods with object-style and property-style iteratee', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(26);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model({a: 4, b: 1, e: 3});
+    var coll = new Backbone.Collection([
+      {a: 1, b: 1},
+      {a: 2, b: 1, c: 1},
+      {a: 3, b: 1},
+      model
+    ]);
+    assert.equal(coll.find({a: 0}), undefined);
+    assert.deepEqual(coll.find({a: 4}), model);
+    assert.equal(coll.find('d'), undefined);
+    assert.deepEqual(coll.find('e'), model);
+    assert.equal(coll.filter({a: 0}), false);
+    assert.deepEqual(coll.filter({a: 4}), [model]);
+    assert.equal(coll.some({a: 0}), false);
+    assert.equal(coll.some({a: 1}), true);
+    assert.equal(coll.reject({a: 0}).length, 4);
+    assert.deepEqual(coll.reject({a: 4}), _.without(coll.models, model));
+    assert.equal(coll.every({a: 0}), false);
+    assert.equal(coll.every({b: 1}), true);
+    assert.deepEqual(coll.partition({a: 0})[0], []);
+    assert.deepEqual(coll.partition({a: 0})[1], coll.models);
+    assert.deepEqual(coll.partition({a: 4})[0], [model]);
+    assert.deepEqual(coll.partition({a: 4})[1], _.without(coll.models, model));
+    assert.deepEqual(coll.map({a: 2}), [false, true, false, false]);
+    assert.deepEqual(coll.map('a'), [1, 2, 3, 4]);
+    assert.deepEqual(coll.sortBy('a')[3], model);
+    assert.deepEqual(coll.sortBy('e')[0], model);
+    assert.deepEqual(coll.countBy({a: 4}), {'false': 3, 'true': 1});
+    assert.deepEqual(coll.countBy('d'), {'undefined': 4});
+    assert.equal(coll.findIndex({b: 1}), 0);
+    assert.equal(coll.findIndex({b: 9}), -1);
+    assert.equal(coll.findLastIndex({b: 1}), 3);
+    assert.equal(coll.findLastIndex({b: 9}), -1);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('reset', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(16);
+
+    var resetCount = 0;
+    var models = col.models;
+    col.on('reset', function() { resetCount += 1; });
+    col.reset([]);
+    assert.equal(resetCount, 1);
+    assert.equal(col.length, 0);
+    assert.equal(col.last(), null);
+    col.reset(models);
+    assert.equal(resetCount, 2);
+    assert.equal(col.length, 4);
+    assert.equal(col.last(), d);
+    col.reset(_.map(models, function(m){ return m.attributes; }));
+    assert.equal(resetCount, 3);
+    assert.equal(col.length, 4);
+    assert.ok(col.last() !== d);
+    assert.ok(_.isEqual(col.last().attributes, d.attributes));
+    col.reset();
+    assert.equal(col.length, 0);
+    assert.equal(resetCount, 4);
+
+    var f = new Backbone.Model({id: 20, label: 'f'});
+    col.reset([undefined, f]);
+    assert.equal(col.length, 2);
+    assert.equal(resetCount, 5);
+
+    col.reset(new Array(4));
+    assert.equal(col.length, 4);
+    assert.equal(resetCount, 6);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('reset with different values', function(assert) {
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection({id: 1});
+    collection.reset({id: 1, a: 1});
+    assert.equal(collection.get(1).get('a'), 1);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('same references in reset', function(assert) {
+    var model = new Backbone.Model({id: 1});
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection({id: 1});
+    collection.reset(model);
+    assert.equal(collection.get(1), model);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('reset passes caller options', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(3);
+    var Model = Backbone.Model.extend({
+      initialize: function(attrs, options) {
+        this.modelParameter = options.modelParameter;
+      }
+    });
+    var collection = new (Backbone.Collection.extend({model: Model}))();
+    collection.reset([{astring: 'green', anumber: 1}, {astring: 'blue', anumber: 2}], {modelParameter: 'model parameter'});
+    assert.equal(collection.length, 2);
+    collection.each(function(model) {
+      assert.equal(model.modelParameter, 'model parameter');
+    });
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('reset does not alter options by reference', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection([{id: 1}]);
+    var origOpts = {};
+    collection.on('reset', function(coll, opts){
+      assert.equal(origOpts.previousModels, undefined);
+      assert.equal(opts.previousModels[0].id, 1);
+    });
+    collection.reset([], origOpts);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('trigger custom events on models', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var fired = null;
+    a.on('custom', function() { fired = true; });
+    a.trigger('custom');
+    assert.equal(fired, true);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('add does not alter arguments', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var attrs = {};
+    var models = [attrs];
+    new Backbone.Collection().add(models);
+    assert.equal(models.length, 1);
+    assert.ok(attrs === models[0]);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#714: access `model.collection` in a brand new model.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection;
+    collection.url = '/test';
+    var Model = Backbone.Model.extend({
+      set: function(attrs) {
+        assert.equal(attrs.prop, 'value');
+        assert.equal(this.collection, collection);
+        return this;
+      }
+    });
+    collection.model = Model;
+    collection.create({prop: 'value'});
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#574, remove its own reference to the .models array.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection([
+      {id: 1}, {id: 2}, {id: 3}, {id: 4}, {id: 5}, {id: 6}
+    ]);
+    assert.equal(collection.length, 6);
+    collection.remove(collection.models);
+    assert.equal(collection.length, 0);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#861, adding models to a collection which do not pass validation, with validate:true', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var Model = Backbone.Model.extend({
+      validate: function(attrs) {
+        if (attrs.id === 3) return "id can't be 3";
+      }
+    });
+
+    var Collection = Backbone.Collection.extend({
+      model: Model
+    });
+
+    var collection = new Collection;
+    collection.on('invalid', function() { assert.ok(true); });
+
+    collection.add([{id: 1}, {id: 2}, {id: 3}, {id: 4}, {id: 5}, {id: 6}], {validate: true});
+    assert.deepEqual(collection.pluck('id'), [1, 2, 4, 5, 6]);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('Invalid models are discarded with validate:true.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(5);
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection;
+    collection.on('test', function() { assert.ok(true); });
+    collection.model = Backbone.Model.extend({
+      validate: function(attrs){ if (!attrs.valid) return 'invalid'; }
+    });
+    var model = new collection.model({id: 1, valid: true});
+    collection.add([model, {id: 2}], {validate: true});
+    model.trigger('test');
+    assert.ok(collection.get(model.cid));
+    assert.ok(collection.get(1));
+    assert.ok(!collection.get(2));
+    assert.equal(collection.length, 1);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('multiple copies of the same model', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(3);
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection();
+    var model = new Backbone.Model();
+    collection.add([model, model]);
+    assert.equal(collection.length, 1);
+    collection.add([{id: 1}, {id: 1}]);
+    assert.equal(collection.length, 2);
+    assert.equal(collection.last().id, 1);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#964 - collection.get return inconsistent', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection();
+    assert.ok(collection.get(null) === undefined);
+    assert.ok(collection.get() === undefined);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#1112 - passing options.model sets collection.model', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var Model = Backbone.Model.extend({});
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection([{id: 1}], {model: Model});
+    assert.ok(collection.model === Model);
+    assert.ok(collection.at(0) instanceof Model);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('null and undefined are invalid ids.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model({id: 1});
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection([model]);
+    model.set({id: null});
+    assert.ok(!collection.get('null'));
+    model.set({id: 1});
+    model.set({id: undefined});
+    assert.ok(!collection.get('undefined'));
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('falsy comparator', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(4);
+    var Col = Backbone.Collection.extend({
+      comparator: function(model){ return model.id; }
+    });
+    var collection = new Col();
+    var colFalse = new Col(null, {comparator: false});
+    var colNull = new Col(null, {comparator: null});
+    var colUndefined = new Col(null, {comparator: undefined});
+    assert.ok(collection.comparator);
+    assert.ok(!colFalse.comparator);
+    assert.ok(!colNull.comparator);
+    assert.ok(colUndefined.comparator);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#1355 - `options` is passed to success callbacks', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var m = new Backbone.Model({x: 1});
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection();
+    var opts = {
+      opts: true,
+      success: function(coll, resp, options) {
+        assert.ok(options.opts);
+      }
+    };
+    collection.sync = m.sync = function( method, coll, options ){
+      options.success({});
+    };
+    collection.fetch(opts);
+    collection.create(m, opts);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test("#1412 - Trigger 'request' and 'sync' events.", function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(4);
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection;
+    collection.url = '/test';
+    Backbone.ajax = function(settings){ settings.success(); };
+
+    collection.on('request', function(obj, xhr, options) {
+      assert.ok(obj === collection, "collection has correct 'request' event after fetching");
+    });
+    collection.on('sync', function(obj, response, options) {
+      assert.ok(obj === collection, "collection has correct 'sync' event after fetching");
+    });
+    collection.fetch();
+    collection.off();
+
+    collection.on('request', function(obj, xhr, options) {
+      assert.ok(obj === collection.get(1), "collection has correct 'request' event after one of its models save");
+    });
+    collection.on('sync', function(obj, response, options) {
+      assert.ok(obj === collection.get(1), "collection has correct 'sync' event after one of its models save");
+    });
+    collection.create({id: 1});
+    collection.off();
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#3283 - fetch, create calls success with context', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection;
+    collection.url = '/test';
+    Backbone.ajax = function(settings) {
+      settings.success.call(settings.context);
+    };
+    var obj = {};
+    var options = {
+      context: obj,
+      success: function() {
+        assert.equal(this, obj);
+      }
+    };
+
+    collection.fetch(options);
+    collection.create({id: 1}, options);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#1447 - create with wait adds model.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection;
+    var model = new Backbone.Model;
+    model.sync = function(method, m, options){ options.success(); };
+    collection.on('add', function(){ assert.ok(true); });
+    collection.create(model, {wait: true});
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#1448 - add sorts collection after merge.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection([
+      {id: 1, x: 1},
+      {id: 2, x: 2}
+    ]);
+    collection.comparator = function(model){ return model.get('x'); };
+    collection.add({id: 1, x: 3}, {merge: true});
+    assert.deepEqual(collection.pluck('id'), [2, 1]);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#1655 - groupBy can be used with a string argument.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(3);
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection([{x: 1}, {x: 2}]);
+    var grouped = collection.groupBy('x');
+    assert.strictEqual(_.keys(grouped).length, 2);
+    assert.strictEqual(grouped[1][0].get('x'), 1);
+    assert.strictEqual(grouped[2][0].get('x'), 2);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#1655 - sortBy can be used with a string argument.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection([{x: 3}, {x: 1}, {x: 2}]);
+    var values = _.map(collection.sortBy('x'), function(model) {
+      return model.get('x');
+    });
+    assert.deepEqual(values, [1, 2, 3]);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#1604 - Removal during iteration.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(0);
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection([{}, {}]);
+    collection.on('add', function() {
+      collection.at(0).destroy();
+    });
+    collection.add({}, {at: 0});
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#1638 - `sort` during `add` triggers correctly.', function(assert) {
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection;
+    collection.comparator = function(model) { return model.get('x'); };
+    var added = [];
+    collection.on('add', function(model) {
+      model.set({x: 3});
+      collection.sort();
+      added.push(model.id);
+    });
+    collection.add([{id: 1, x: 1}, {id: 2, x: 2}]);
+    assert.deepEqual(added, [1, 2]);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('fetch parses models by default', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var model = {};
+    var Collection = Backbone.Collection.extend({
+      url: 'test',
+      model: Backbone.Model.extend({
+        parse: function(resp) {
+          assert.strictEqual(resp, model);
+        }
+      })
+    });
+    new Collection().fetch();
+    this.ajaxSettings.success([model]);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test("`sort` shouldn't always fire on `add`", function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection([{id: 1}, {id: 2}, {id: 3}], {
+      comparator: 'id'
+    });
+    collection.sort = function(){ assert.ok(true); };
+    collection.add([]);
+    collection.add({id: 1});
+    collection.add([{id: 2}, {id: 3}]);
+    collection.add({id: 4});
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#1407 parse option on constructor parses collection and models', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var model = {
+      namespace: [{id: 1}, {id: 2}]
+    };
+    var Collection = Backbone.Collection.extend({
+      model: Backbone.Model.extend({
+        parse: function(m) {
+          m.name = 'test';
+          return m;
+        }
+      }),
+      parse: function(m) {
+        return m.namespace;
+      }
+    });
+    var collection = new Collection(model, {parse: true});
+
+    assert.equal(collection.length, 2);
+    assert.equal(collection.at(0).get('name'), 'test');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#1407 parse option on reset parses collection and models', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var model = {
+      namespace: [{id: 1}, {id: 2}]
+    };
+    var Collection = Backbone.Collection.extend({
+      model: Backbone.Model.extend({
+        parse: function(m) {
+          m.name = 'test';
+          return m;
+        }
+      }),
+      parse: function(m) {
+        return m.namespace;
+      }
+    });
+    var collection = new Collection();
+    collection.reset(model, {parse: true});
+
+    assert.equal(collection.length, 2);
+    assert.equal(collection.at(0).get('name'), 'test');
+  });
+
+
+  QUnit.test('Reset includes previous models in triggered event.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model();
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection([model]);
+    collection.on('reset', function(coll, options) {
+      assert.deepEqual(options.previousModels, [model]);
+    });
+    collection.reset([]);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('set', function(assert) {
+    var m1 = new Backbone.Model();
+    var m2 = new Backbone.Model({id: 2});
+    var m3 = new Backbone.Model();
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection([m1, m2]);
+
+    // Test add/change/remove events
+    collection.on('add', function(model) {
+      assert.strictEqual(model, m3);
+    });
+    collection.on('change', function(model) {
+      assert.strictEqual(model, m2);
+    });
+    collection.on('remove', function(model) {
+      assert.strictEqual(model, m1);
+    });
+
+    // remove: false doesn't remove any models
+    collection.set([], {remove: false});
+    assert.strictEqual(collection.length, 2);
+
+    // add: false doesn't add any models
+    collection.set([m1, m2, m3], {add: false});
+    assert.strictEqual(collection.length, 2);
+
+    // merge: false doesn't change any models
+    collection.set([m1, {id: 2, a: 1}], {merge: false});
+    assert.strictEqual(m2.get('a'), void 0);
+
+    // add: false, remove: false only merges existing models
+    collection.set([m1, {id: 2, a: 0}, m3, {id: 4}], {add: false, remove: false});
+    assert.strictEqual(collection.length, 2);
+    assert.strictEqual(m2.get('a'), 0);
+
+    // default options add/remove/merge as appropriate
+    collection.set([{id: 2, a: 1}, m3]);
+    assert.strictEqual(collection.length, 2);
+    assert.strictEqual(m2.get('a'), 1);
+
+    // Test removing models not passing an argument
+    collection.off('remove').on('remove', function(model) {
+      assert.ok(model === m2 || model === m3);
+    });
+    collection.set([]);
+    assert.strictEqual(collection.length, 0);
+
+    // Test null models on set doesn't clear collection
+    collection.off();
+    collection.set([{id: 1}]);
+    collection.set();
+    assert.strictEqual(collection.length, 1);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('set with only cids', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(3);
+    var m1 = new Backbone.Model;
+    var m2 = new Backbone.Model;
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection;
+    collection.set([m1, m2]);
+    assert.equal(collection.length, 2);
+    collection.set([m1]);
+    assert.equal(collection.length, 1);
+    collection.set([m1, m1, m1, m2, m2], {remove: false});
+    assert.equal(collection.length, 2);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('set with only idAttribute', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(3);
+    var m1 = {_id: 1};
+    var m2 = {_id: 2};
+    var Col = Backbone.Collection.extend({
+      model: Backbone.Model.extend({
+        idAttribute: '_id'
+      })
+    });
+    var collection = new Col;
+    collection.set([m1, m2]);
+    assert.equal(collection.length, 2);
+    collection.set([m1]);
+    assert.equal(collection.length, 1);
+    collection.set([m1, m1, m1, m2, m2], {remove: false});
+    assert.equal(collection.length, 2);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('set + merge with default values defined', function(assert) {
+    var Model = Backbone.Model.extend({
+      defaults: {
+        key: 'value'
+      }
+    });
+    var m = new Model({id: 1});
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection([m], {model: Model});
+    assert.equal(collection.first().get('key'), 'value');
+
+    collection.set({id: 1, key: 'other'});
+    assert.equal(collection.first().get('key'), 'other');
+
+    collection.set({id: 1, other: 'value'});
+    assert.equal(collection.first().get('key'), 'other');
+    assert.equal(collection.length, 1);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('merge without mutation', function(assert) {
+    var Model = Backbone.Model.extend({
+      initialize: function(attrs, options) {
+        if (attrs.child) {
+          this.set('child', new Model(attrs.child, options), options);
+        }
+      }
+    });
+    var Collection = Backbone.Collection.extend({model: Model});
+    var data = [{id: 1, child: {id: 2}}];
+    var collection = new Collection(data);
+    assert.equal(collection.first().id, 1);
+    collection.set(data);
+    assert.equal(collection.first().id, 1);
+    collection.set([{id: 2, child: {id: 2}}].concat(data));
+    assert.deepEqual(collection.pluck('id'), [2, 1]);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('`set` and model level `parse`', function(assert) {
+    var Model = Backbone.Model.extend({});
+    var Collection = Backbone.Collection.extend({
+      model: Model,
+      parse: function(res) { return _.map(res.models, 'model'); }
+    });
+    var model = new Model({id: 1});
+    var collection = new Collection(model);
+    collection.set({models: [
+      {model: {id: 1}},
+      {model: {id: 2}}
+    ]}, {parse: true});
+    assert.equal(collection.first(), model);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('`set` data is only parsed once', function(assert) {
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection();
+    collection.model = Backbone.Model.extend({
+      parse: function(data) {
+        assert.equal(data.parsed, void 0);
+        data.parsed = true;
+        return data;
+      }
+    });
+    collection.set({}, {parse: true});
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('`set` matches input order in the absence of a comparator', function(assert) {
+    var one = new Backbone.Model({id: 1});
+    var two = new Backbone.Model({id: 2});
+    var three = new Backbone.Model({id: 3});
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection([one, two, three]);
+    collection.set([{id: 3}, {id: 2}, {id: 1}]);
+    assert.deepEqual(collection.models, [three, two, one]);
+    collection.set([{id: 1}, {id: 2}]);
+    assert.deepEqual(collection.models, [one, two]);
+    collection.set([two, three, one]);
+    assert.deepEqual(collection.models, [two, three, one]);
+    collection.set([{id: 1}, {id: 2}], {remove: false});
+    assert.deepEqual(collection.models, [two, three, one]);
+    collection.set([{id: 1}, {id: 2}, {id: 3}], {merge: false});
+    assert.deepEqual(collection.models, [one, two, three]);
+    collection.set([three, two, one, {id: 4}], {add: false});
+    assert.deepEqual(collection.models, [one, two, three]);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#1894 - Push should not trigger a sort', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(0);
+    var Collection = Backbone.Collection.extend({
+      comparator: 'id',
+      sort: function() { assert.ok(false); }
+    });
+    new Collection().push({id: 1});
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#2428 - push duplicate models, return the correct one', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection;
+    var model1 = collection.push({id: 101});
+    var model2 = collection.push({id: 101});
+    assert.ok(model2.cid === model1.cid);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('`set` with non-normal id', function(assert) {
+    var Collection = Backbone.Collection.extend({
+      model: Backbone.Model.extend({idAttribute: '_id'})
+    });
+    var collection = new Collection({_id: 1});
+    collection.set([{_id: 1, a: 1}], {add: false});
+    assert.equal(collection.first().get('a'), 1);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#1894 - `sort` can optionally be turned off', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(0);
+    var Collection = Backbone.Collection.extend({
+      comparator: 'id',
+      sort: function() { assert.ok(false); }
+    });
+    new Collection().add({id: 1}, {sort: false});
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#1915 - `parse` data in the right order in `set`', function(assert) {
+    var collection = new (Backbone.Collection.extend({
+      parse: function(data) {
+        assert.strictEqual(data.status, 'ok');
+        return data.data;
+      }
+    }));
+    var res = {status: 'ok', data: [{id: 1}]};
+    collection.set(res, {parse: true});
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#1939 - `parse` is passed `options`', function(assert) {
+    var done = assert.async();
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var collection = new (Backbone.Collection.extend({
+      url: '/',
+      parse: function(data, options) {
+        assert.strictEqual(options.xhr.someHeader, 'headerValue');
+        return data;
+      }
+    }));
+    var ajax = Backbone.ajax;
+    Backbone.ajax = function(params) {
+      _.defer(params.success, []);
+      return {someHeader: 'headerValue'};
+    };
+    collection.fetch({
+      success: function() { done(); }
+    });
+    Backbone.ajax = ajax;
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('fetch will pass extra options to success callback', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var SpecialSyncCollection = Backbone.Collection.extend({
+      url: '/test',
+      sync: function(method, collection, options) {
+        _.extend(options, {specialSync: true});
+        return Backbone.Collection.prototype.sync.call(this, method, collection, options);
+      }
+    });
+
+    var collection = new SpecialSyncCollection();
+
+    var onSuccess = function(coll, resp, options) {
+      assert.ok(options.specialSync, 'Options were passed correctly to callback');
+    };
+
+    collection.fetch({success: onSuccess});
+    this.ajaxSettings.success();
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('`add` only `sort`s when necessary', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var collection = new (Backbone.Collection.extend({
+      comparator: 'a'
+    }))([{id: 1}, {id: 2}, {id: 3}]);
+    collection.on('sort', function() { assert.ok(true); });
+    collection.add({id: 4}); // do sort, new model
+    collection.add({id: 1, a: 1}, {merge: true}); // do sort, comparator change
+    collection.add({id: 1, b: 1}, {merge: true}); // don't sort, no comparator change
+    collection.add({id: 1, a: 1}, {merge: true}); // don't sort, no comparator change
+    collection.add(collection.models); // don't sort, nothing new
+    collection.add(collection.models, {merge: true}); // don't sort
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('`add` only `sort`s when necessary with comparator function', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(3);
+    var collection = new (Backbone.Collection.extend({
+      comparator: function(m1, m2) {
+        return m1.get('a') > m2.get('a') ? 1 : (m1.get('a') < m2.get('a') ? -1 : 0);
+      }
+    }))([{id: 1}, {id: 2}, {id: 3}]);
+    collection.on('sort', function() { assert.ok(true); });
+    collection.add({id: 4}); // do sort, new model
+    collection.add({id: 1, a: 1}, {merge: true}); // do sort, model change
+    collection.add({id: 1, b: 1}, {merge: true}); // do sort, model change
+    collection.add({id: 1, a: 1}, {merge: true}); // don't sort, no model change
+    collection.add(collection.models); // don't sort, nothing new
+    collection.add(collection.models, {merge: true}); // don't sort
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('Attach options to collection.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var Model = Backbone.Model;
+    var comparator = function(){};
+
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection([], {
+      model: Model,
+      comparator: comparator
+    });
+
+    assert.ok(collection.model === Model);
+    assert.ok(collection.comparator === comparator);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('Pass falsey for `models` for empty Col with `options`', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(9);
+    var opts = {a: 1, b: 2};
+    _.forEach([undefined, null, false], function(falsey) {
+      var Collection = Backbone.Collection.extend({
+        initialize: function(models, options) {
+          assert.strictEqual(models, falsey);
+          assert.strictEqual(options, opts);
+        }
+      });
+
+      var collection = new Collection(falsey, opts);
+      assert.strictEqual(collection.length, 0);
+    });
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('`add` overrides `set` flags', function(assert) {
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection();
+    collection.once('add', function(model, coll, options) {
+      coll.add({id: 2}, options);
+    });
+    collection.set({id: 1});
+    assert.equal(collection.length, 2);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#2606 - Collection#create, success arguments', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection;
+    collection.url = 'test';
+    collection.create({}, {
+      success: function(model, resp, options) {
+        assert.strictEqual(resp, 'response');
+      }
+    });
+    this.ajaxSettings.success('response');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#2612 - nested `parse` works with `Collection#set`', function(assert) {
+
+    var Job = Backbone.Model.extend({
+      constructor: function() {
+        this.items = new Items();
+        Backbone.Model.apply(this, arguments);
+      },
+      parse: function(attrs) {
+        this.items.set(attrs.items, {parse: true});
+        return _.omit(attrs, 'items');
+      }
+    });
+
+    var Item = Backbone.Model.extend({
+      constructor: function() {
+        this.subItems = new Backbone.Collection();
+        Backbone.Model.apply(this, arguments);
+      },
+      parse: function(attrs) {
+        this.subItems.set(attrs.subItems, {parse: true});
+        return _.omit(attrs, 'subItems');
+      }
+    });
+
+    var Items = Backbone.Collection.extend({
+      model: Item
+    });
+
+    var data = {
+      name: 'JobName',
+      id: 1,
+      items: [{
+        id: 1,
+        name: 'Sub1',
+        subItems: [
+          {id: 1, subName: 'One'},
+          {id: 2, subName: 'Two'}
+        ]
+      }, {
+        id: 2,
+        name: 'Sub2',
+        subItems: [
+          {id: 3, subName: 'Three'},
+          {id: 4, subName: 'Four'}
+        ]
+      }]
+    };
+
+    var newData = {
+      name: 'NewJobName',
+      id: 1,
+      items: [{
+        id: 1,
+        name: 'NewSub1',
+        subItems: [
+          {id: 1, subName: 'NewOne'},
+          {id: 2, subName: 'NewTwo'}
+        ]
+      }, {
+        id: 2,
+        name: 'NewSub2',
+        subItems: [
+          {id: 3, subName: 'NewThree'},
+          {id: 4, subName: 'NewFour'}
+        ]
+      }]
+    };
+
+    var job = new Job(data, {parse: true});
+    assert.equal(job.get('name'), 'JobName');
+    assert.equal(job.items.at(0).get('name'), 'Sub1');
+    assert.equal(job.items.length, 2);
+    assert.equal(job.items.get(1).subItems.get(1).get('subName'), 'One');
+    assert.equal(job.items.get(2).subItems.get(3).get('subName'), 'Three');
+    job.set(job.parse(newData, {parse: true}));
+    assert.equal(job.get('name'), 'NewJobName');
+    assert.equal(job.items.at(0).get('name'), 'NewSub1');
+    assert.equal(job.items.length, 2);
+    assert.equal(job.items.get(1).subItems.get(1).get('subName'), 'NewOne');
+    assert.equal(job.items.get(2).subItems.get(3).get('subName'), 'NewThree');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('_addReference binds all collection events & adds to the lookup hashes', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(8);
+
+    var calls = {add: 0, remove: 0};
+
+    var Collection = Backbone.Collection.extend({
+
+      _addReference: function(model) {
+        Backbone.Collection.prototype._addReference.apply(this, arguments);
+        calls.add++;
+        assert.equal(model, this._byId[model.id]);
+        assert.equal(model, this._byId[model.cid]);
+        assert.equal(model._events.all.length, 1);
+      },
+
+      _removeReference: function(model) {
+        Backbone.Collection.prototype._removeReference.apply(this, arguments);
+        calls.remove++;
+        assert.equal(this._byId[model.id], void 0);
+        assert.equal(this._byId[model.cid], void 0);
+        assert.equal(model.collection, void 0);
+      }
+
+    });
+
+    var collection = new Collection();
+    var model = collection.add({id: 1});
+    collection.remove(model);
+
+    assert.equal(calls.add, 1);
+    assert.equal(calls.remove, 1);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('Do not allow duplicate models to be `add`ed or `set`', function(assert) {
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection();
+
+    collection.add([{id: 1}, {id: 1}]);
+    assert.equal(collection.length, 1);
+    assert.equal(collection.models.length, 1);
+
+    collection.set([{id: 1}, {id: 1}]);
+    assert.equal(collection.length, 1);
+    assert.equal(collection.models.length, 1);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#3020: #set with {add: false} should not throw.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection;
+    collection.set([{id: 1}], {add: false});
+    assert.strictEqual(collection.length, 0);
+    assert.strictEqual(collection.models.length, 0);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('create with wait, model instance, #3028', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection();
+    var model = new Backbone.Model({id: 1});
+    model.sync = function(){
+      assert.equal(this.collection, collection);
+    };
+    collection.create(model, {wait: true});
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('modelId', function(assert) {
+    var Stooge = Backbone.Model.extend();
+    var StoogeCollection = Backbone.Collection.extend({model: Stooge});
+
+    // Default to using `Collection::model::idAttribute`.
+    assert.equal(StoogeCollection.prototype.modelId({id: 1}), 1);
+    Stooge.prototype.idAttribute = '_id';
+    assert.equal(StoogeCollection.prototype.modelId({_id: 1}), 1);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('Polymorphic models work with "simple" constructors', function(assert) {
+    var A = Backbone.Model.extend();
+    var B = Backbone.Model.extend();
+    var C = Backbone.Collection.extend({
+      model: function(attrs) {
+        return attrs.type === 'a' ? new A(attrs) : new B(attrs);
+      }
+    });
+    var collection = new C([{id: 1, type: 'a'}, {id: 2, type: 'b'}]);
+    assert.equal(collection.length, 2);
+    assert.ok(collection.at(0) instanceof A);
+    assert.equal(collection.at(0).id, 1);
+    assert.ok(collection.at(1) instanceof B);
+    assert.equal(collection.at(1).id, 2);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('Polymorphic models work with "advanced" constructors', function(assert) {
+    var A = Backbone.Model.extend({idAttribute: '_id'});
+    var B = Backbone.Model.extend({idAttribute: '_id'});
+    var C = Backbone.Collection.extend({
+      model: Backbone.Model.extend({
+        constructor: function(attrs) {
+          return attrs.type === 'a' ? new A(attrs) : new B(attrs);
+        },
+
+        idAttribute: '_id'
+      })
+    });
+    var collection = new C([{_id: 1, type: 'a'}, {_id: 2, type: 'b'}]);
+    assert.equal(collection.length, 2);
+    assert.ok(collection.at(0) instanceof A);
+    assert.equal(collection.at(0), collection.get(1));
+    assert.ok(collection.at(1) instanceof B);
+    assert.equal(collection.at(1), collection.get(2));
+
+    C = Backbone.Collection.extend({
+      model: function(attrs) {
+        return attrs.type === 'a' ? new A(attrs) : new B(attrs);
+      },
+
+      modelId: function(attrs) {
+        return attrs.type + '-' + attrs.id;
+      }
+    });
+    collection = new C([{id: 1, type: 'a'}, {id: 1, type: 'b'}]);
+    assert.equal(collection.length, 2);
+    assert.ok(collection.at(0) instanceof A);
+    assert.equal(collection.at(0), collection.get('a-1'));
+    assert.ok(collection.at(1) instanceof B);
+    assert.equal(collection.at(1), collection.get('b-1'));
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('Collection with polymorphic models receives default id from modelId', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(6);
+    // When the polymorphic models use 'id' for the idAttribute, all is fine.
+    var C1 = Backbone.Collection.extend({
+      model: function(attrs) {
+        return new Backbone.Model(attrs);
+      }
+    });
+    var c1 = new C1({id: 1});
+    assert.equal(c1.get(1).id, 1);
+    assert.equal(c1.modelId({id: 1}), 1);
+
+    // If the polymorphic models define their own idAttribute,
+    // the modelId method should be overridden, for the reason below.
+    var M = Backbone.Model.extend({
+      idAttribute: '_id'
+    });
+    var C2 = Backbone.Collection.extend({
+      model: function(attrs) {
+        return new M(attrs);
+      }
+    });
+    var c2 = new C2({'_id': 1});
+    assert.equal(c2.get(1), void 0);
+    assert.equal(c2.modelId(c2.at(0).attributes), void 0);
+    var m = new M({'_id': 2});
+    c2.add(m);
+    assert.equal(c2.get(2), void 0);
+    assert.equal(c2.modelId(m.attributes), void 0);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#3039 #3951: adding at index fires with correct at', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(4);
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection([{val: 0}, {val: 4}]);
+    collection.on('add', function(model, coll, options) {
+      assert.equal(model.get('val'), options.index);
+    });
+    collection.add([{val: 1}, {val: 2}, {val: 3}], {at: 1});
+    collection.add({val: 5}, {at: 10});
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#3039: index is not sent when at is not specified', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection([{at: 0}]);
+    collection.on('add', function(model, coll, options) {
+      assert.equal(undefined, options.index);
+    });
+    collection.add([{at: 1}, {at: 2}]);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#3199 - Order changing should trigger a sort', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var one = new Backbone.Model({id: 1});
+    var two = new Backbone.Model({id: 2});
+    var three = new Backbone.Model({id: 3});
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection([one, two, three]);
+    collection.on('sort', function() {
+      assert.ok(true);
+    });
+    collection.set([{id: 3}, {id: 2}, {id: 1}]);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#3199 - Adding a model should trigger a sort', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var one = new Backbone.Model({id: 1});
+    var two = new Backbone.Model({id: 2});
+    var three = new Backbone.Model({id: 3});
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection([one, two, three]);
+    collection.on('sort', function() {
+      assert.ok(true);
+    });
+    collection.set([{id: 1}, {id: 2}, {id: 3}, {id: 0}]);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#3199 - Order not changing should not trigger a sort', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(0);
+    var one = new Backbone.Model({id: 1});
+    var two = new Backbone.Model({id: 2});
+    var three = new Backbone.Model({id: 3});
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection([one, two, three]);
+    collection.on('sort', function() {
+      assert.ok(false);
+    });
+    collection.set([{id: 1}, {id: 2}, {id: 3}]);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('add supports negative indexes', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection([{id: 1}]);
+    collection.add([{id: 2}, {id: 3}], {at: -1});
+    collection.add([{id: 2.5}], {at: -2});
+    collection.add([{id: 0.5}], {at: -6});
+    assert.equal(collection.pluck('id').join(','), '0.5,1,2,2.5,3');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#set accepts options.at as a string', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection([{id: 1}, {id: 2}]);
+    collection.add([{id: 3}], {at: '1'});
+    assert.deepEqual(collection.pluck('id'), [1, 3, 2]);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('adding multiple models triggers `update` event once', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection;
+    collection.on('update', function() { assert.ok(true); });
+    collection.add([{id: 1}, {id: 2}, {id: 3}]);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('removing models triggers `update` event once', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection([{id: 1}, {id: 2}, {id: 3}]);
+    collection.on('update', function() { assert.ok(true); });
+    collection.remove([{id: 1}, {id: 2}]);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('remove does not trigger `update` when nothing removed', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(0);
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection([{id: 1}, {id: 2}]);
+    collection.on('update', function() { assert.ok(false); });
+    collection.remove([{id: 3}]);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('set triggers `set` event once', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection([{id: 1}, {id: 2}]);
+    collection.on('update', function() { assert.ok(true); });
+    collection.set([{id: 1}, {id: 3}]);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('set does not trigger `update` event when nothing added nor removed', function(assert) {
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection([{id: 1}, {id: 2}]);
+    collection.on('update', function(coll, options) {
+      assert.equal(options.changes.added.length, 0);
+      assert.equal(options.changes.removed.length, 0);
+      assert.equal(options.changes.merged.length, 2);
+    });
+    collection.set([{id: 1}, {id: 2}]);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#3610 - invoke collects arguments', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(3);
+    var Model = Backbone.Model.extend({
+      method: function(x, y, z) {
+        assert.equal(x, 1);
+        assert.equal(y, 2);
+        assert.equal(z, 3);
+      }
+    });
+    var Collection = Backbone.Collection.extend({
+      model: Model
+    });
+    var collection = new Collection([{id: 1}]);
+    collection.invoke('method', 1, 2, 3);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#3662 - triggering change without model will not error', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection([{id: 1}]);
+    var model = collection.first();
+    collection.on('change', function(m) {
+      assert.equal(m, undefined);
+    });
+    model.trigger('change');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#3871 - falsy parse result creates empty collection', function(assert) {
+    var collection = new (Backbone.Collection.extend({
+      parse: function(data, options) {}
+    }));
+    collection.set('', {parse: true});
+    assert.equal(collection.length, 0);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test("#3711 - remove's `update` event returns one removed model", function(assert) {
+    var model = new Backbone.Model({id: 1, title: 'First Post'});
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection([model]);
+    collection.on('update', function(context, options) {
+      var changed = options.changes;
+      assert.deepEqual(changed.added, []);
+      assert.deepEqual(changed.merged, []);
+      assert.strictEqual(changed.removed[0], model);
+    });
+    collection.remove(model);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test("#3711 - remove's `update` event returns multiple removed models", function(assert) {
+    var model = new Backbone.Model({id: 1, title: 'First Post'});
+    var model2 = new Backbone.Model({id: 2, title: 'Second Post'});
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection([model, model2]);
+    collection.on('update', function(context, options) {
+      var changed = options.changes;
+      assert.deepEqual(changed.added, []);
+      assert.deepEqual(changed.merged, []);
+      assert.ok(changed.removed.length === 2);
+
+      assert.ok(_.indexOf(changed.removed, model) > -1 && _.indexOf(changed.removed, model2) > -1);
+    });
+    collection.remove([model, model2]);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test("#3711 - set's `update` event returns one added model", function(assert) {
+    var model = new Backbone.Model({id: 1, title: 'First Post'});
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection();
+    collection.on('update', function(context, options) {
+      var addedModels = options.changes.added;
+      assert.ok(addedModels.length === 1);
+      assert.strictEqual(addedModels[0], model);
+    });
+    collection.set(model);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test("#3711 - set's `update` event returns multiple added models", function(assert) {
+    var model = new Backbone.Model({id: 1, title: 'First Post'});
+    var model2 = new Backbone.Model({id: 2, title: 'Second Post'});
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection();
+    collection.on('update', function(context, options) {
+      var addedModels = options.changes.added;
+      assert.ok(addedModels.length === 2);
+      assert.strictEqual(addedModels[0], model);
+      assert.strictEqual(addedModels[1], model2);
+    });
+    collection.set([model, model2]);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test("#3711 - set's `update` event returns one removed model", function(assert) {
+    var model = new Backbone.Model({id: 1, title: 'First Post'});
+    var model2 = new Backbone.Model({id: 2, title: 'Second Post'});
+    var model3 = new Backbone.Model({id: 3, title: 'My Last Post'});
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection([model]);
+    collection.on('update', function(context, options) {
+      var changed = options.changes;
+      assert.equal(changed.added.length, 2);
+      assert.equal(changed.merged.length, 0);
+      assert.ok(changed.removed.length === 1);
+      assert.strictEqual(changed.removed[0], model);
+    });
+    collection.set([model2, model3]);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test("#3711 - set's `update` event returns multiple removed models", function(assert) {
+    var model = new Backbone.Model({id: 1, title: 'First Post'});
+    var model2 = new Backbone.Model({id: 2, title: 'Second Post'});
+    var model3 = new Backbone.Model({id: 3, title: 'My Last Post'});
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection([model, model2]);
+    collection.on('update', function(context, options) {
+      var removedModels = options.changes.removed;
+      assert.ok(removedModels.length === 2);
+      assert.strictEqual(removedModels[0], model);
+      assert.strictEqual(removedModels[1], model2);
+    });
+    collection.set([model3]);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test("#3711 - set's `update` event returns one merged model", function(assert) {
+    var model = new Backbone.Model({id: 1, title: 'First Post'});
+    var model2 = new Backbone.Model({id: 2, title: 'Second Post'});
+    var model2Update = new Backbone.Model({id: 2, title: 'Second Post V2'});
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection([model, model2]);
+    collection.on('update', function(context, options) {
+      var mergedModels = options.changes.merged;
+      assert.ok(mergedModels.length === 1);
+      assert.strictEqual(mergedModels[0].get('title'), model2Update.get('title'));
+    });
+    collection.set([model2Update]);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test("#3711 - set's `update` event returns multiple merged models", function(assert) {
+    var model = new Backbone.Model({id: 1, title: 'First Post'});
+    var modelUpdate = new Backbone.Model({id: 1, title: 'First Post V2'});
+    var model2 = new Backbone.Model({id: 2, title: 'Second Post'});
+    var model2Update = new Backbone.Model({id: 2, title: 'Second Post V2'});
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection([model, model2]);
+    collection.on('update', function(context, options) {
+      var mergedModels = options.changes.merged;
+      assert.ok(mergedModels.length === 2);
+      assert.strictEqual(mergedModels[0].get('title'), model2Update.get('title'));
+      assert.strictEqual(mergedModels[1].get('title'), modelUpdate.get('title'));
+    });
+    collection.set([model2Update, modelUpdate]);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test("#3711 - set's `update` event should not be triggered adding a model which already exists exactly alike", function(assert) {
+    var fired = false;
+    var model = new Backbone.Model({id: 1, title: 'First Post'});
+    var collection = new Backbone.Collection([model]);
+    collection.on('update', function(context, options) {
+      fired = true;
+    });
+    collection.set([model]);
+    assert.equal(fired, false);
+  });
+
+})();
diff --git a/ecomp-portal-FE/client/bower_components/lodash/vendor/backbone/test/events.js b/ecomp-portal-FE/client/bower_components/lodash/vendor/backbone/test/events.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..544b39a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ecomp-portal-FE/client/bower_components/lodash/vendor/backbone/test/events.js
@@ -0,0 +1,706 @@
+(function() {
+
+  QUnit.module('Backbone.Events');
+
+  QUnit.test('on and trigger', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var obj = {counter: 0};
+    _.extend(obj, Backbone.Events);
+    obj.on('event', function() { obj.counter += 1; });
+    obj.trigger('event');
+    assert.equal(obj.counter, 1, 'counter should be incremented.');
+    obj.trigger('event');
+    obj.trigger('event');
+    obj.trigger('event');
+    obj.trigger('event');
+    assert.equal(obj.counter, 5, 'counter should be incremented five times.');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('binding and triggering multiple events', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(4);
+    var obj = {counter: 0};
+    _.extend(obj, Backbone.Events);
+
+    obj.on('a b c', function() { obj.counter += 1; });
+
+    obj.trigger('a');
+    assert.equal(obj.counter, 1);
+
+    obj.trigger('a b');
+    assert.equal(obj.counter, 3);
+
+    obj.trigger('c');
+    assert.equal(obj.counter, 4);
+
+    obj.off('a c');
+    obj.trigger('a b c');
+    assert.equal(obj.counter, 5);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('binding and triggering with event maps', function(assert) {
+    var obj = {counter: 0};
+    _.extend(obj, Backbone.Events);
+
+    var increment = function() {
+      this.counter += 1;
+    };
+
+    obj.on({
+      a: increment,
+      b: increment,
+      c: increment
+    }, obj);
+
+    obj.trigger('a');
+    assert.equal(obj.counter, 1);
+
+    obj.trigger('a b');
+    assert.equal(obj.counter, 3);
+
+    obj.trigger('c');
+    assert.equal(obj.counter, 4);
+
+    obj.off({
+      a: increment,
+      c: increment
+    }, obj);
+    obj.trigger('a b c');
+    assert.equal(obj.counter, 5);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('binding and triggering multiple event names with event maps', function(assert) {
+    var obj = {counter: 0};
+    _.extend(obj, Backbone.Events);
+
+    var increment = function() {
+      this.counter += 1;
+    };
+
+    obj.on({
+      'a b c': increment
+    });
+
+    obj.trigger('a');
+    assert.equal(obj.counter, 1);
+
+    obj.trigger('a b');
+    assert.equal(obj.counter, 3);
+
+    obj.trigger('c');
+    assert.equal(obj.counter, 4);
+
+    obj.off({
+      'a c': increment
+    });
+    obj.trigger('a b c');
+    assert.equal(obj.counter, 5);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('binding and trigger with event maps context', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var obj = {counter: 0};
+    var context = {};
+    _.extend(obj, Backbone.Events);
+
+    obj.on({
+      a: function() {
+        assert.strictEqual(this, context, 'defaults `context` to `callback` param');
+      }
+    }, context).trigger('a');
+
+    obj.off().on({
+      a: function() {
+        assert.strictEqual(this, context, 'will not override explicit `context` param');
+      }
+    }, this, context).trigger('a');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('listenTo and stopListening', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var a = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events);
+    var b = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events);
+    a.listenTo(b, 'all', function(){ assert.ok(true); });
+    b.trigger('anything');
+    a.listenTo(b, 'all', function(){ assert.ok(false); });
+    a.stopListening();
+    b.trigger('anything');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('listenTo and stopListening with event maps', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(4);
+    var a = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events);
+    var b = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events);
+    var cb = function(){ assert.ok(true); };
+    a.listenTo(b, {event: cb});
+    b.trigger('event');
+    a.listenTo(b, {event2: cb});
+    b.on('event2', cb);
+    a.stopListening(b, {event2: cb});
+    b.trigger('event event2');
+    a.stopListening();
+    b.trigger('event event2');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('stopListening with omitted args', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var a = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events);
+    var b = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events);
+    var cb = function() { assert.ok(true); };
+    a.listenTo(b, 'event', cb);
+    b.on('event', cb);
+    a.listenTo(b, 'event2', cb);
+    a.stopListening(null, {event: cb});
+    b.trigger('event event2');
+    b.off();
+    a.listenTo(b, 'event event2', cb);
+    a.stopListening(null, 'event');
+    a.stopListening();
+    b.trigger('event2');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('listenToOnce', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    // Same as the previous test, but we use once rather than having to explicitly unbind
+    var obj = {counterA: 0, counterB: 0};
+    _.extend(obj, Backbone.Events);
+    var incrA = function(){ obj.counterA += 1; obj.trigger('event'); };
+    var incrB = function(){ obj.counterB += 1; };
+    obj.listenToOnce(obj, 'event', incrA);
+    obj.listenToOnce(obj, 'event', incrB);
+    obj.trigger('event');
+    assert.equal(obj.counterA, 1, 'counterA should have only been incremented once.');
+    assert.equal(obj.counterB, 1, 'counterB should have only been incremented once.');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('listenToOnce and stopListening', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var a = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events);
+    var b = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events);
+    a.listenToOnce(b, 'all', function() { assert.ok(true); });
+    b.trigger('anything');
+    b.trigger('anything');
+    a.listenToOnce(b, 'all', function() { assert.ok(false); });
+    a.stopListening();
+    b.trigger('anything');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('listenTo, listenToOnce and stopListening', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var a = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events);
+    var b = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events);
+    a.listenToOnce(b, 'all', function() { assert.ok(true); });
+    b.trigger('anything');
+    b.trigger('anything');
+    a.listenTo(b, 'all', function() { assert.ok(false); });
+    a.stopListening();
+    b.trigger('anything');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('listenTo and stopListening with event maps', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var a = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events);
+    var b = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events);
+    a.listenTo(b, {change: function(){ assert.ok(true); }});
+    b.trigger('change');
+    a.listenTo(b, {change: function(){ assert.ok(false); }});
+    a.stopListening();
+    b.trigger('change');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('listenTo yourself', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var e = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events);
+    e.listenTo(e, 'foo', function(){ assert.ok(true); });
+    e.trigger('foo');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('listenTo yourself cleans yourself up with stopListening', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var e = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events);
+    e.listenTo(e, 'foo', function(){ assert.ok(true); });
+    e.trigger('foo');
+    e.stopListening();
+    e.trigger('foo');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('stopListening cleans up references', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(12);
+    var a = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events);
+    var b = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events);
+    var fn = function() {};
+    b.on('event', fn);
+    a.listenTo(b, 'event', fn).stopListening();
+    assert.equal(_.size(a._listeningTo), 0);
+    assert.equal(_.size(b._events.event), 1);
+    assert.equal(_.size(b._listeners), 0);
+    a.listenTo(b, 'event', fn).stopListening(b);
+    assert.equal(_.size(a._listeningTo), 0);
+    assert.equal(_.size(b._events.event), 1);
+    assert.equal(_.size(b._listeners), 0);
+    a.listenTo(b, 'event', fn).stopListening(b, 'event');
+    assert.equal(_.size(a._listeningTo), 0);
+    assert.equal(_.size(b._events.event), 1);
+    assert.equal(_.size(b._listeners), 0);
+    a.listenTo(b, 'event', fn).stopListening(b, 'event', fn);
+    assert.equal(_.size(a._listeningTo), 0);
+    assert.equal(_.size(b._events.event), 1);
+    assert.equal(_.size(b._listeners), 0);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('stopListening cleans up references from listenToOnce', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(12);
+    var a = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events);
+    var b = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events);
+    var fn = function() {};
+    b.on('event', fn);
+    a.listenToOnce(b, 'event', fn).stopListening();
+    assert.equal(_.size(a._listeningTo), 0);
+    assert.equal(_.size(b._events.event), 1);
+    assert.equal(_.size(b._listeners), 0);
+    a.listenToOnce(b, 'event', fn).stopListening(b);
+    assert.equal(_.size(a._listeningTo), 0);
+    assert.equal(_.size(b._events.event), 1);
+    assert.equal(_.size(b._listeners), 0);
+    a.listenToOnce(b, 'event', fn).stopListening(b, 'event');
+    assert.equal(_.size(a._listeningTo), 0);
+    assert.equal(_.size(b._events.event), 1);
+    assert.equal(_.size(b._listeners), 0);
+    a.listenToOnce(b, 'event', fn).stopListening(b, 'event', fn);
+    assert.equal(_.size(a._listeningTo), 0);
+    assert.equal(_.size(b._events.event), 1);
+    assert.equal(_.size(b._listeners), 0);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('listenTo and off cleaning up references', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(8);
+    var a = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events);
+    var b = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events);
+    var fn = function() {};
+    a.listenTo(b, 'event', fn);
+    b.off();
+    assert.equal(_.size(a._listeningTo), 0);
+    assert.equal(_.size(b._listeners), 0);
+    a.listenTo(b, 'event', fn);
+    b.off('event');
+    assert.equal(_.size(a._listeningTo), 0);
+    assert.equal(_.size(b._listeners), 0);
+    a.listenTo(b, 'event', fn);
+    b.off(null, fn);
+    assert.equal(_.size(a._listeningTo), 0);
+    assert.equal(_.size(b._listeners), 0);
+    a.listenTo(b, 'event', fn);
+    b.off(null, null, a);
+    assert.equal(_.size(a._listeningTo), 0);
+    assert.equal(_.size(b._listeners), 0);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('listenTo and stopListening cleaning up references', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var a = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events);
+    var b = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events);
+    a.listenTo(b, 'all', function(){ assert.ok(true); });
+    b.trigger('anything');
+    a.listenTo(b, 'other', function(){ assert.ok(false); });
+    a.stopListening(b, 'other');
+    a.stopListening(b, 'all');
+    assert.equal(_.size(a._listeningTo), 0);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('listenToOnce without context cleans up references after the event has fired', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var a = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events);
+    var b = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events);
+    a.listenToOnce(b, 'all', function(){ assert.ok(true); });
+    b.trigger('anything');
+    assert.equal(_.size(a._listeningTo), 0);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('listenToOnce with event maps cleans up references', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var a = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events);
+    var b = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events);
+    a.listenToOnce(b, {
+      one: function() { assert.ok(true); },
+      two: function() { assert.ok(false); }
+    });
+    b.trigger('one');
+    assert.equal(_.size(a._listeningTo), 1);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('listenToOnce with event maps binds the correct `this`', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var a = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events);
+    var b = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events);
+    a.listenToOnce(b, {
+      one: function() { assert.ok(this === a); },
+      two: function() { assert.ok(false); }
+    });
+    b.trigger('one');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test("listenTo with empty callback doesn't throw an error", function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var e = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events);
+    e.listenTo(e, 'foo', null);
+    e.trigger('foo');
+    assert.ok(true);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('trigger all for each event', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(3);
+    var a, b, obj = {counter: 0};
+    _.extend(obj, Backbone.Events);
+    obj.on('all', function(event) {
+      obj.counter++;
+      if (event === 'a') a = true;
+      if (event === 'b') b = true;
+    })
+    .trigger('a b');
+    assert.ok(a);
+    assert.ok(b);
+    assert.equal(obj.counter, 2);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('on, then unbind all functions', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var obj = {counter: 0};
+    _.extend(obj, Backbone.Events);
+    var callback = function() { obj.counter += 1; };
+    obj.on('event', callback);
+    obj.trigger('event');
+    obj.off('event');
+    obj.trigger('event');
+    assert.equal(obj.counter, 1, 'counter should have only been incremented once.');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('bind two callbacks, unbind only one', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var obj = {counterA: 0, counterB: 0};
+    _.extend(obj, Backbone.Events);
+    var callback = function() { obj.counterA += 1; };
+    obj.on('event', callback);
+    obj.on('event', function() { obj.counterB += 1; });
+    obj.trigger('event');
+    obj.off('event', callback);
+    obj.trigger('event');
+    assert.equal(obj.counterA, 1, 'counterA should have only been incremented once.');
+    assert.equal(obj.counterB, 2, 'counterB should have been incremented twice.');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('unbind a callback in the midst of it firing', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var obj = {counter: 0};
+    _.extend(obj, Backbone.Events);
+    var callback = function() {
+      obj.counter += 1;
+      obj.off('event', callback);
+    };
+    obj.on('event', callback);
+    obj.trigger('event');
+    obj.trigger('event');
+    obj.trigger('event');
+    assert.equal(obj.counter, 1, 'the callback should have been unbound.');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('two binds that unbind themeselves', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var obj = {counterA: 0, counterB: 0};
+    _.extend(obj, Backbone.Events);
+    var incrA = function(){ obj.counterA += 1; obj.off('event', incrA); };
+    var incrB = function(){ obj.counterB += 1; obj.off('event', incrB); };
+    obj.on('event', incrA);
+    obj.on('event', incrB);
+    obj.trigger('event');
+    obj.trigger('event');
+    obj.trigger('event');
+    assert.equal(obj.counterA, 1, 'counterA should have only been incremented once.');
+    assert.equal(obj.counterB, 1, 'counterB should have only been incremented once.');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('bind a callback with a default context when none supplied', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var obj = _.extend({
+      assertTrue: function() {
+        assert.equal(this, obj, '`this` was bound to the callback');
+      }
+    }, Backbone.Events);
+
+    obj.once('event', obj.assertTrue);
+    obj.trigger('event');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('bind a callback with a supplied context', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var TestClass = function() {
+      return this;
+    };
+    TestClass.prototype.assertTrue = function() {
+      assert.ok(true, '`this` was bound to the callback');
+    };
+
+    var obj = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events);
+    obj.on('event', function() { this.assertTrue(); }, new TestClass);
+    obj.trigger('event');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('nested trigger with unbind', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var obj = {counter: 0};
+    _.extend(obj, Backbone.Events);
+    var incr1 = function(){ obj.counter += 1; obj.off('event', incr1); obj.trigger('event'); };
+    var incr2 = function(){ obj.counter += 1; };
+    obj.on('event', incr1);
+    obj.on('event', incr2);
+    obj.trigger('event');
+    assert.equal(obj.counter, 3, 'counter should have been incremented three times');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('callback list is not altered during trigger', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var counter = 0, obj = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events);
+    var incr = function(){ counter++; };
+    var incrOn = function(){ obj.on('event all', incr); };
+    var incrOff = function(){ obj.off('event all', incr); };
+
+    obj.on('event all', incrOn).trigger('event');
+    assert.equal(counter, 0, 'on does not alter callback list');
+
+    obj.off().on('event', incrOff).on('event all', incr).trigger('event');
+    assert.equal(counter, 2, 'off does not alter callback list');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test("#1282 - 'all' callback list is retrieved after each event.", function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var counter = 0;
+    var obj = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events);
+    var incr = function(){ counter++; };
+    obj.on('x', function() {
+      obj.on('y', incr).on('all', incr);
+    })
+    .trigger('x y');
+    assert.strictEqual(counter, 2);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('if no callback is provided, `on` is a noop', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(0);
+    _.extend({}, Backbone.Events).on('test').trigger('test');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('if callback is truthy but not a function, `on` should throw an error just like jQuery', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var view = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events).on('test', 'noop');
+    assert.raises(function() {
+      view.trigger('test');
+    });
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('remove all events for a specific context', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(4);
+    var obj = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events);
+    obj.on('x y all', function() { assert.ok(true); });
+    obj.on('x y all', function() { assert.ok(false); }, obj);
+    obj.off(null, null, obj);
+    obj.trigger('x y');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('remove all events for a specific callback', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(4);
+    var obj = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events);
+    var success = function() { assert.ok(true); };
+    var fail = function() { assert.ok(false); };
+    obj.on('x y all', success);
+    obj.on('x y all', fail);
+    obj.off(null, fail);
+    obj.trigger('x y');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#1310 - off does not skip consecutive events', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(0);
+    var obj = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events);
+    obj.on('event', function() { assert.ok(false); }, obj);
+    obj.on('event', function() { assert.ok(false); }, obj);
+    obj.off(null, null, obj);
+    obj.trigger('event');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('once', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    // Same as the previous test, but we use once rather than having to explicitly unbind
+    var obj = {counterA: 0, counterB: 0};
+    _.extend(obj, Backbone.Events);
+    var incrA = function(){ obj.counterA += 1; obj.trigger('event'); };
+    var incrB = function(){ obj.counterB += 1; };
+    obj.once('event', incrA);
+    obj.once('event', incrB);
+    obj.trigger('event');
+    assert.equal(obj.counterA, 1, 'counterA should have only been incremented once.');
+    assert.equal(obj.counterB, 1, 'counterB should have only been incremented once.');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('once variant one', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(3);
+    var f = function(){ assert.ok(true); };
+
+    var a = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events).once('event', f);
+    var b = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events).on('event', f);
+
+    a.trigger('event');
+
+    b.trigger('event');
+    b.trigger('event');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('once variant two', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(3);
+    var f = function(){ assert.ok(true); };
+    var obj = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events);
+
+    obj
+      .once('event', f)
+      .on('event', f)
+      .trigger('event')
+      .trigger('event');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('once with off', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(0);
+    var f = function(){ assert.ok(true); };
+    var obj = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events);
+
+    obj.once('event', f);
+    obj.off('event', f);
+    obj.trigger('event');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('once with event maps', function(assert) {
+    var obj = {counter: 0};
+    _.extend(obj, Backbone.Events);
+
+    var increment = function() {
+      this.counter += 1;
+    };
+
+    obj.once({
+      a: increment,
+      b: increment,
+      c: increment
+    }, obj);
+
+    obj.trigger('a');
+    assert.equal(obj.counter, 1);
+
+    obj.trigger('a b');
+    assert.equal(obj.counter, 2);
+
+    obj.trigger('c');
+    assert.equal(obj.counter, 3);
+
+    obj.trigger('a b c');
+    assert.equal(obj.counter, 3);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('bind a callback with a supplied context using once with object notation', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var obj = {counter: 0};
+    var context = {};
+    _.extend(obj, Backbone.Events);
+
+    obj.once({
+      a: function() {
+        assert.strictEqual(this, context, 'defaults `context` to `callback` param');
+      }
+    }, context).trigger('a');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('once with off only by context', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(0);
+    var context = {};
+    var obj = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events);
+    obj.once('event', function(){ assert.ok(false); }, context);
+    obj.off(null, null, context);
+    obj.trigger('event');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('Backbone object inherits Events', function(assert) {
+    assert.ok(Backbone.on === Backbone.Events.on);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('once with asynchronous events', function(assert) {
+    var done = assert.async();
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var func = _.debounce(function() { assert.ok(true); done(); }, 50);
+    var obj = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events).once('async', func);
+
+    obj.trigger('async');
+    obj.trigger('async');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('once with multiple events.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var obj = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events);
+    obj.once('x y', function() { assert.ok(true); });
+    obj.trigger('x y');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('Off during iteration with once.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var obj = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events);
+    var f = function(){ this.off('event', f); };
+    obj.on('event', f);
+    obj.once('event', function(){});
+    obj.on('event', function(){ assert.ok(true); });
+
+    obj.trigger('event');
+    obj.trigger('event');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('`once` on `all` should work as expected', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    Backbone.once('all', function() {
+      assert.ok(true);
+      Backbone.trigger('all');
+    });
+    Backbone.trigger('all');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('once without a callback is a noop', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(0);
+    _.extend({}, Backbone.Events).once('event').trigger('event');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('listenToOnce without a callback is a noop', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(0);
+    var obj = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events);
+    obj.listenToOnce(obj, 'event').trigger('event');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('event functions are chainable', function(assert) {
+    var obj = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events);
+    var obj2 = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events);
+    var fn = function() {};
+    assert.equal(obj, obj.trigger('noeventssetyet'));
+    assert.equal(obj, obj.off('noeventssetyet'));
+    assert.equal(obj, obj.stopListening('noeventssetyet'));
+    assert.equal(obj, obj.on('a', fn));
+    assert.equal(obj, obj.once('c', fn));
+    assert.equal(obj, obj.trigger('a'));
+    assert.equal(obj, obj.listenTo(obj2, 'a', fn));
+    assert.equal(obj, obj.listenToOnce(obj2, 'b', fn));
+    assert.equal(obj, obj.off('a c'));
+    assert.equal(obj, obj.stopListening(obj2, 'a'));
+    assert.equal(obj, obj.stopListening());
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#3448 - listenToOnce with space-separated events', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var one = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events);
+    var two = _.extend({}, Backbone.Events);
+    var count = 1;
+    one.listenToOnce(two, 'x y', function(n) { assert.ok(n === count++); });
+    two.trigger('x', 1);
+    two.trigger('x', 1);
+    two.trigger('y', 2);
+    two.trigger('y', 2);
+  });
+
+})();
diff --git a/ecomp-portal-FE/client/bower_components/lodash/vendor/backbone/test/model.js b/ecomp-portal-FE/client/bower_components/lodash/vendor/backbone/test/model.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b73a1c79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ecomp-portal-FE/client/bower_components/lodash/vendor/backbone/test/model.js
@@ -0,0 +1,1418 @@
+(function() {
+
+  var ProxyModel = Backbone.Model.extend();
+  var Klass = Backbone.Collection.extend({
+    url: function() { return '/collection'; }
+  });
+  var doc, collection;
+
+  QUnit.module('Backbone.Model', {
+
+    beforeEach: function(assert) {
+      doc = new ProxyModel({
+        id: '1-the-tempest',
+        title: 'The Tempest',
+        author: 'Bill Shakespeare',
+        length: 123
+      });
+      collection = new Klass();
+      collection.add(doc);
+    }
+
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('initialize', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(3);
+    var Model = Backbone.Model.extend({
+      initialize: function() {
+        this.one = 1;
+        assert.equal(this.collection, collection);
+      }
+    });
+    var model = new Model({}, {collection: collection});
+    assert.equal(model.one, 1);
+    assert.equal(model.collection, collection);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('Object.prototype properties are overridden by attributes', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model({hasOwnProperty: true});
+    assert.equal(model.get('hasOwnProperty'), true);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('initialize with attributes and options', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var Model = Backbone.Model.extend({
+      initialize: function(attributes, options) {
+        this.one = options.one;
+      }
+    });
+    var model = new Model({}, {one: 1});
+    assert.equal(model.one, 1);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('initialize with parsed attributes', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var Model = Backbone.Model.extend({
+      parse: function(attrs) {
+        attrs.value += 1;
+        return attrs;
+      }
+    });
+    var model = new Model({value: 1}, {parse: true});
+    assert.equal(model.get('value'), 2);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('parse can return null', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var Model = Backbone.Model.extend({
+      parse: function(attrs) {
+        attrs.value += 1;
+        return null;
+      }
+    });
+    var model = new Model({value: 1}, {parse: true});
+    assert.equal(JSON.stringify(model.toJSON()), '{}');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('url', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(3);
+    doc.urlRoot = null;
+    assert.equal(doc.url(), '/collection/1-the-tempest');
+    doc.collection.url = '/collection/';
+    assert.equal(doc.url(), '/collection/1-the-tempest');
+    doc.collection = null;
+    assert.raises(function() { doc.url(); });
+    doc.collection = collection;
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('url when using urlRoot, and uri encoding', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var Model = Backbone.Model.extend({
+      urlRoot: '/collection'
+    });
+    var model = new Model();
+    assert.equal(model.url(), '/collection');
+    model.set({id: '+1+'});
+    assert.equal(model.url(), '/collection/%2B1%2B');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('url when using urlRoot as a function to determine urlRoot at runtime', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var Model = Backbone.Model.extend({
+      urlRoot: function() {
+        return '/nested/' + this.get('parentId') + '/collection';
+      }
+    });
+
+    var model = new Model({parentId: 1});
+    assert.equal(model.url(), '/nested/1/collection');
+    model.set({id: 2});
+    assert.equal(model.url(), '/nested/1/collection/2');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('underscore methods', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(5);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model({foo: 'a', bar: 'b', baz: 'c'});
+    var model2 = model.clone();
+    assert.deepEqual(model.keys(), ['foo', 'bar', 'baz']);
+    assert.deepEqual(model.values(), ['a', 'b', 'c']);
+    assert.deepEqual(model.invert(), {a: 'foo', b: 'bar', c: 'baz'});
+    assert.deepEqual(model.pick('foo', 'baz'), {foo: 'a', baz: 'c'});
+    assert.deepEqual(model.omit('foo', 'bar'), {baz: 'c'});
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('chain', function(assert) {
+    var model = new Backbone.Model({a: 0, b: 1, c: 2});
+    assert.deepEqual(model.chain().pick('a', 'b', 'c').values().compact().value(), [1, 2]);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('clone', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(10);
+    var a = new Backbone.Model({foo: 1, bar: 2, baz: 3});
+    var b = a.clone();
+    assert.equal(a.get('foo'), 1);
+    assert.equal(a.get('bar'), 2);
+    assert.equal(a.get('baz'), 3);
+    assert.equal(b.get('foo'), a.get('foo'), 'Foo should be the same on the clone.');
+    assert.equal(b.get('bar'), a.get('bar'), 'Bar should be the same on the clone.');
+    assert.equal(b.get('baz'), a.get('baz'), 'Baz should be the same on the clone.');
+    a.set({foo: 100});
+    assert.equal(a.get('foo'), 100);
+    assert.equal(b.get('foo'), 1, 'Changing a parent attribute does not change the clone.');
+
+    var foo = new Backbone.Model({p: 1});
+    var bar = new Backbone.Model({p: 2});
+    bar.set(foo.clone().attributes, {unset: true});
+    assert.equal(foo.get('p'), 1);
+    assert.equal(bar.get('p'), undefined);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('isNew', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(6);
+    var a = new Backbone.Model({foo: 1, bar: 2, baz: 3});
+    assert.ok(a.isNew(), 'it should be new');
+    a = new Backbone.Model({foo: 1, bar: 2, baz: 3, id: -5});
+    assert.ok(!a.isNew(), 'any defined ID is legal, negative or positive');
+    a = new Backbone.Model({foo: 1, bar: 2, baz: 3, id: 0});
+    assert.ok(!a.isNew(), 'any defined ID is legal, including zero');
+    assert.ok(new Backbone.Model().isNew(), 'is true when there is no id');
+    assert.ok(!new Backbone.Model({id: 2}).isNew(), 'is false for a positive integer');
+    assert.ok(!new Backbone.Model({id: -5}).isNew(), 'is false for a negative integer');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('get', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    assert.equal(doc.get('title'), 'The Tempest');
+    assert.equal(doc.get('author'), 'Bill Shakespeare');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('escape', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(5);
+    assert.equal(doc.escape('title'), 'The Tempest');
+    doc.set({audience: 'Bill & Bob'});
+    assert.equal(doc.escape('audience'), 'Bill &amp; Bob');
+    doc.set({audience: 'Tim > Joan'});
+    assert.equal(doc.escape('audience'), 'Tim &gt; Joan');
+    doc.set({audience: 10101});
+    assert.equal(doc.escape('audience'), '10101');
+    doc.unset('audience');
+    assert.equal(doc.escape('audience'), '');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('has', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(10);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model();
+
+    assert.strictEqual(model.has('name'), false);
+
+    model.set({
+      '0': 0,
+      '1': 1,
+      'true': true,
+      'false': false,
+      'empty': '',
+      'name': 'name',
+      'null': null,
+      'undefined': undefined
+    });
+
+    assert.strictEqual(model.has('0'), true);
+    assert.strictEqual(model.has('1'), true);
+    assert.strictEqual(model.has('true'), true);
+    assert.strictEqual(model.has('false'), true);
+    assert.strictEqual(model.has('empty'), true);
+    assert.strictEqual(model.has('name'), true);
+
+    model.unset('name');
+
+    assert.strictEqual(model.has('name'), false);
+    assert.strictEqual(model.has('null'), false);
+    assert.strictEqual(model.has('undefined'), false);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('matches', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(4);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model();
+
+    assert.strictEqual(model.matches({name: 'Jonas', cool: true}), false);
+
+    model.set({name: 'Jonas', cool: true});
+
+    assert.strictEqual(model.matches({name: 'Jonas'}), true);
+    assert.strictEqual(model.matches({name: 'Jonas', cool: true}), true);
+    assert.strictEqual(model.matches({name: 'Jonas', cool: false}), false);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('matches with predicate', function(assert) {
+    var model = new Backbone.Model({a: 0});
+
+    assert.strictEqual(model.matches(function(attr) {
+      return attr.a > 1 && attr.b != null;
+    }), false);
+
+    model.set({a: 3, b: true});
+
+    assert.strictEqual(model.matches(function(attr) {
+      return attr.a > 1 && attr.b != null;
+    }), true);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('set and unset', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(8);
+    var a = new Backbone.Model({id: 'id', foo: 1, bar: 2, baz: 3});
+    var changeCount = 0;
+    a.on('change:foo', function() { changeCount += 1; });
+    a.set({foo: 2});
+    assert.equal(a.get('foo'), 2, 'Foo should have changed.');
+    assert.equal(changeCount, 1, 'Change count should have incremented.');
+    // set with value that is not new shouldn't fire change event
+    a.set({foo: 2});
+    assert.equal(a.get('foo'), 2, 'Foo should NOT have changed, still 2');
+    assert.equal(changeCount, 1, 'Change count should NOT have incremented.');
+
+    a.validate = function(attrs) {
+      assert.equal(attrs.foo, void 0, 'validate:true passed while unsetting');
+    };
+    a.unset('foo', {validate: true});
+    assert.equal(a.get('foo'), void 0, 'Foo should have changed');
+    delete a.validate;
+    assert.equal(changeCount, 2, 'Change count should have incremented for unset.');
+
+    a.unset('id');
+    assert.equal(a.id, undefined, 'Unsetting the id should remove the id property.');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#2030 - set with failed validate, followed by another set triggers change', function(assert) {
+    var attr = 0, main = 0, error = 0;
+    var Model = Backbone.Model.extend({
+      validate: function(attrs) {
+        if (attrs.x > 1) {
+          error++;
+          return 'this is an error';
+        }
+      }
+    });
+    var model = new Model({x: 0});
+    model.on('change:x', function() { attr++; });
+    model.on('change', function() { main++; });
+    model.set({x: 2}, {validate: true});
+    model.set({x: 1}, {validate: true});
+    assert.deepEqual([attr, main, error], [1, 1, 1]);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('set triggers changes in the correct order', function(assert) {
+    var value = null;
+    var model = new Backbone.Model;
+    model.on('last', function(){ value = 'last'; });
+    model.on('first', function(){ value = 'first'; });
+    model.trigger('first');
+    model.trigger('last');
+    assert.equal(value, 'last');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('set falsy values in the correct order', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model({result: 'result'});
+    model.on('change', function() {
+      assert.equal(model.changed.result, void 0);
+      assert.equal(model.previous('result'), false);
+    });
+    model.set({result: void 0}, {silent: true});
+    model.set({result: null}, {silent: true});
+    model.set({result: false}, {silent: true});
+    model.set({result: void 0});
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('nested set triggers with the correct options', function(assert) {
+    var model = new Backbone.Model();
+    var o1 = {};
+    var o2 = {};
+    var o3 = {};
+    model.on('change', function(__, options) {
+      switch (model.get('a')) {
+        case 1:
+          assert.equal(options, o1);
+          return model.set('a', 2, o2);
+        case 2:
+          assert.equal(options, o2);
+          return model.set('a', 3, o3);
+        case 3:
+          assert.equal(options, o3);
+      }
+    });
+    model.set('a', 1, o1);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('multiple unsets', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var i = 0;
+    var counter = function(){ i++; };
+    var model = new Backbone.Model({a: 1});
+    model.on('change:a', counter);
+    model.set({a: 2});
+    model.unset('a');
+    model.unset('a');
+    assert.equal(i, 2, 'Unset does not fire an event for missing attributes.');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('unset and changedAttributes', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model({a: 1});
+    model.on('change', function() {
+      assert.ok('a' in model.changedAttributes(), 'changedAttributes should contain unset properties');
+    });
+    model.unset('a');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('using a non-default id attribute.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(5);
+    var MongoModel = Backbone.Model.extend({idAttribute: '_id'});
+    var model = new MongoModel({id: 'eye-dee', _id: 25, title: 'Model'});
+    assert.equal(model.get('id'), 'eye-dee');
+    assert.equal(model.id, 25);
+    assert.equal(model.isNew(), false);
+    model.unset('_id');
+    assert.equal(model.id, undefined);
+    assert.equal(model.isNew(), true);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('setting an alternative cid prefix', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(4);
+    var Model = Backbone.Model.extend({
+      cidPrefix: 'm'
+    });
+    var model = new Model();
+
+    assert.equal(model.cid.charAt(0), 'm');
+
+    model = new Backbone.Model();
+    assert.equal(model.cid.charAt(0), 'c');
+
+    var Collection = Backbone.Collection.extend({
+      model: Model
+    });
+    var col = new Collection([{id: 'c5'}, {id: 'c6'}, {id: 'c7'}]);
+
+    assert.equal(col.get('c6').cid.charAt(0), 'm');
+    col.set([{id: 'c6', value: 'test'}], {
+      merge: true,
+      add: true,
+      remove: false
+    });
+    assert.ok(col.get('c6').has('value'));
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('set an empty string', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model({name: 'Model'});
+    model.set({name: ''});
+    assert.equal(model.get('name'), '');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('setting an object', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model({
+      custom: {foo: 1}
+    });
+    model.on('change', function() {
+      assert.ok(1);
+    });
+    model.set({
+      custom: {foo: 1} // no change should be fired
+    });
+    model.set({
+      custom: {foo: 2} // change event should be fired
+    });
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('clear', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(3);
+    var changed;
+    var model = new Backbone.Model({id: 1, name: 'Model'});
+    model.on('change:name', function(){ changed = true; });
+    model.on('change', function() {
+      var changedAttrs = model.changedAttributes();
+      assert.ok('name' in changedAttrs);
+    });
+    model.clear();
+    assert.equal(changed, true);
+    assert.equal(model.get('name'), undefined);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('defaults', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(9);
+    var Defaulted = Backbone.Model.extend({
+      defaults: {
+        one: 1,
+        two: 2
+      }
+    });
+    var model = new Defaulted({two: undefined});
+    assert.equal(model.get('one'), 1);
+    assert.equal(model.get('two'), 2);
+    model = new Defaulted({two: 3});
+    assert.equal(model.get('one'), 1);
+    assert.equal(model.get('two'), 3);
+    Defaulted = Backbone.Model.extend({
+      defaults: function() {
+        return {
+          one: 3,
+          two: 4
+        };
+      }
+    });
+    model = new Defaulted({two: undefined});
+    assert.equal(model.get('one'), 3);
+    assert.equal(model.get('two'), 4);
+    Defaulted = Backbone.Model.extend({
+      defaults: {hasOwnProperty: true}
+    });
+    model = new Defaulted();
+    assert.equal(model.get('hasOwnProperty'), true);
+    model = new Defaulted({hasOwnProperty: undefined});
+    assert.equal(model.get('hasOwnProperty'), true);
+    model = new Defaulted({hasOwnProperty: false});
+    assert.equal(model.get('hasOwnProperty'), false);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('change, hasChanged, changedAttributes, previous, previousAttributes', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(9);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model({name: 'Tim', age: 10});
+    assert.deepEqual(model.changedAttributes(), false);
+    model.on('change', function() {
+      assert.ok(model.hasChanged('name'), 'name changed');
+      assert.ok(!model.hasChanged('age'), 'age did not');
+      assert.ok(_.isEqual(model.changedAttributes(), {name: 'Rob'}), 'changedAttributes returns the changed attrs');
+      assert.equal(model.previous('name'), 'Tim');
+      assert.ok(_.isEqual(model.previousAttributes(), {name: 'Tim', age: 10}), 'previousAttributes is correct');
+    });
+    assert.equal(model.hasChanged(), false);
+    assert.equal(model.hasChanged(undefined), false);
+    model.set({name: 'Rob'});
+    assert.equal(model.get('name'), 'Rob');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('changedAttributes', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(3);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model({a: 'a', b: 'b'});
+    assert.deepEqual(model.changedAttributes(), false);
+    assert.equal(model.changedAttributes({a: 'a'}), false);
+    assert.equal(model.changedAttributes({a: 'b'}).a, 'b');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('change with options', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var value;
+    var model = new Backbone.Model({name: 'Rob'});
+    model.on('change', function(m, options) {
+      value = options.prefix + m.get('name');
+    });
+    model.set({name: 'Bob'}, {prefix: 'Mr. '});
+    assert.equal(value, 'Mr. Bob');
+    model.set({name: 'Sue'}, {prefix: 'Ms. '});
+    assert.equal(value, 'Ms. Sue');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('change after initialize', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var changed = 0;
+    var attrs = {id: 1, label: 'c'};
+    var obj = new Backbone.Model(attrs);
+    obj.on('change', function() { changed += 1; });
+    obj.set(attrs);
+    assert.equal(changed, 0);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('save within change event', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var env = this;
+    var model = new Backbone.Model({firstName: 'Taylor', lastName: 'Swift'});
+    model.url = '/test';
+    model.on('change', function() {
+      model.save();
+      assert.ok(_.isEqual(env.syncArgs.model, model));
+    });
+    model.set({lastName: 'Hicks'});
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('validate after save', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var lastError, model = new Backbone.Model();
+    model.validate = function(attrs) {
+      if (attrs.admin) return "Can't change admin status.";
+    };
+    model.sync = function(method, m, options) {
+      options.success.call(this, {admin: true});
+    };
+    model.on('invalid', function(m, error) {
+      lastError = error;
+    });
+    model.save(null);
+
+    assert.equal(lastError, "Can't change admin status.");
+    assert.equal(model.validationError, "Can't change admin status.");
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('save', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    doc.save({title: 'Henry V'});
+    assert.equal(this.syncArgs.method, 'update');
+    assert.ok(_.isEqual(this.syncArgs.model, doc));
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('save, fetch, destroy triggers error event when an error occurs', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(3);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model();
+    model.on('error', function() {
+      assert.ok(true);
+    });
+    model.sync = function(method, m, options) {
+      options.error();
+    };
+    model.save({data: 2, id: 1});
+    model.fetch();
+    model.destroy();
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#3283 - save, fetch, destroy calls success with context', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(3);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model();
+    var obj = {};
+    var options = {
+      context: obj,
+      success: function() {
+        assert.equal(this, obj);
+      }
+    };
+    model.sync = function(method, m, opts) {
+      opts.success.call(opts.context);
+    };
+    model.save({data: 2, id: 1}, options);
+    model.fetch(options);
+    model.destroy(options);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#3283 - save, fetch, destroy calls error with context', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(3);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model();
+    var obj = {};
+    var options = {
+      context: obj,
+      error: function() {
+        assert.equal(this, obj);
+      }
+    };
+    model.sync = function(method, m, opts) {
+      opts.error.call(opts.context);
+    };
+    model.save({data: 2, id: 1}, options);
+    model.fetch(options);
+    model.destroy(options);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#3470 - save and fetch with parse false', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var i = 0;
+    var model = new Backbone.Model();
+    model.parse = function() {
+      assert.ok(false);
+    };
+    model.sync = function(method, m, options) {
+      options.success({i: ++i});
+    };
+    model.fetch({parse: false});
+    assert.equal(model.get('i'), i);
+    model.save(null, {parse: false});
+    assert.equal(model.get('i'), i);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('save with PATCH', function(assert) {
+    doc.clear().set({id: 1, a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4});
+    doc.save();
+    assert.equal(this.syncArgs.method, 'update');
+    assert.equal(this.syncArgs.options.attrs, undefined);
+
+    doc.save({b: 2, d: 4}, {patch: true});
+    assert.equal(this.syncArgs.method, 'patch');
+    assert.equal(_.size(this.syncArgs.options.attrs), 2);
+    assert.equal(this.syncArgs.options.attrs.d, 4);
+    assert.equal(this.syncArgs.options.attrs.a, undefined);
+    assert.equal(this.ajaxSettings.data, '{"b":2,"d":4}');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('save with PATCH and different attrs', function(assert) {
+    doc.clear().save({b: 2, d: 4}, {patch: true, attrs: {B: 1, D: 3}});
+    assert.equal(this.syncArgs.options.attrs.D, 3);
+    assert.equal(this.syncArgs.options.attrs.d, undefined);
+    assert.equal(this.ajaxSettings.data, '{"B":1,"D":3}');
+    assert.deepEqual(doc.attributes, {b: 2, d: 4});
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('save in positional style', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model();
+    model.sync = function(method, m, options) {
+      options.success();
+    };
+    model.save('title', 'Twelfth Night');
+    assert.equal(model.get('title'), 'Twelfth Night');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('save with non-object success response', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model();
+    model.sync = function(method, m, options) {
+      options.success('', options);
+      options.success(null, options);
+    };
+    model.save({testing: 'empty'}, {
+      success: function(m) {
+        assert.deepEqual(m.attributes, {testing: 'empty'});
+      }
+    });
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('save with wait and supplied id', function(assert) {
+    var Model = Backbone.Model.extend({
+      urlRoot: '/collection'
+    });
+    var model = new Model();
+    model.save({id: 42}, {wait: true});
+    assert.equal(this.ajaxSettings.url, '/collection/42');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('save will pass extra options to success callback', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var SpecialSyncModel = Backbone.Model.extend({
+      sync: function(method, m, options) {
+        _.extend(options, {specialSync: true});
+        return Backbone.Model.prototype.sync.call(this, method, m, options);
+      },
+      urlRoot: '/test'
+    });
+
+    var model = new SpecialSyncModel();
+
+    var onSuccess = function(m, response, options) {
+      assert.ok(options.specialSync, 'Options were passed correctly to callback');
+    };
+
+    model.save(null, {success: onSuccess});
+    this.ajaxSettings.success();
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('fetch', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    doc.fetch();
+    assert.equal(this.syncArgs.method, 'read');
+    assert.ok(_.isEqual(this.syncArgs.model, doc));
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('fetch will pass extra options to success callback', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var SpecialSyncModel = Backbone.Model.extend({
+      sync: function(method, m, options) {
+        _.extend(options, {specialSync: true});
+        return Backbone.Model.prototype.sync.call(this, method, m, options);
+      },
+      urlRoot: '/test'
+    });
+
+    var model = new SpecialSyncModel();
+
+    var onSuccess = function(m, response, options) {
+      assert.ok(options.specialSync, 'Options were passed correctly to callback');
+    };
+
+    model.fetch({success: onSuccess});
+    this.ajaxSettings.success();
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('destroy', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(3);
+    doc.destroy();
+    assert.equal(this.syncArgs.method, 'delete');
+    assert.ok(_.isEqual(this.syncArgs.model, doc));
+
+    var newModel = new Backbone.Model;
+    assert.equal(newModel.destroy(), false);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('destroy will pass extra options to success callback', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var SpecialSyncModel = Backbone.Model.extend({
+      sync: function(method, m, options) {
+        _.extend(options, {specialSync: true});
+        return Backbone.Model.prototype.sync.call(this, method, m, options);
+      },
+      urlRoot: '/test'
+    });
+
+    var model = new SpecialSyncModel({id: 'id'});
+
+    var onSuccess = function(m, response, options) {
+      assert.ok(options.specialSync, 'Options were passed correctly to callback');
+    };
+
+    model.destroy({success: onSuccess});
+    this.ajaxSettings.success();
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('non-persisted destroy', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var a = new Backbone.Model({foo: 1, bar: 2, baz: 3});
+    a.sync = function() { throw 'should not be called'; };
+    a.destroy();
+    assert.ok(true, 'non-persisted model should not call sync');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('validate', function(assert) {
+    var lastError;
+    var model = new Backbone.Model();
+    model.validate = function(attrs) {
+      if (attrs.admin !== this.get('admin')) return "Can't change admin status.";
+    };
+    model.on('invalid', function(m, error) {
+      lastError = error;
+    });
+    var result = model.set({a: 100});
+    assert.equal(result, model);
+    assert.equal(model.get('a'), 100);
+    assert.equal(lastError, undefined);
+    result = model.set({admin: true});
+    assert.equal(model.get('admin'), true);
+    result = model.set({a: 200, admin: false}, {validate: true});
+    assert.equal(lastError, "Can't change admin status.");
+    assert.equal(result, false);
+    assert.equal(model.get('a'), 100);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('validate on unset and clear', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(6);
+    var error;
+    var model = new Backbone.Model({name: 'One'});
+    model.validate = function(attrs) {
+      if (!attrs.name) {
+        error = true;
+        return 'No thanks.';
+      }
+    };
+    model.set({name: 'Two'});
+    assert.equal(model.get('name'), 'Two');
+    assert.equal(error, undefined);
+    model.unset('name', {validate: true});
+    assert.equal(error, true);
+    assert.equal(model.get('name'), 'Two');
+    model.clear({validate: true});
+    assert.equal(model.get('name'), 'Two');
+    delete model.validate;
+    model.clear();
+    assert.equal(model.get('name'), undefined);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('validate with error callback', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(8);
+    var lastError, boundError;
+    var model = new Backbone.Model();
+    model.validate = function(attrs) {
+      if (attrs.admin) return "Can't change admin status.";
+    };
+    model.on('invalid', function(m, error) {
+      boundError = true;
+    });
+    var result = model.set({a: 100}, {validate: true});
+    assert.equal(result, model);
+    assert.equal(model.get('a'), 100);
+    assert.equal(model.validationError, null);
+    assert.equal(boundError, undefined);
+    result = model.set({a: 200, admin: true}, {validate: true});
+    assert.equal(result, false);
+    assert.equal(model.get('a'), 100);
+    assert.equal(model.validationError, "Can't change admin status.");
+    assert.equal(boundError, true);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('defaults always extend attrs (#459)', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var Defaulted = Backbone.Model.extend({
+      defaults: {one: 1},
+      initialize: function(attrs, opts) {
+        assert.equal(this.attributes.one, 1);
+      }
+    });
+    var providedattrs = new Defaulted({});
+    var emptyattrs = new Defaulted();
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('Inherit class properties', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(6);
+    var Parent = Backbone.Model.extend({
+      instancePropSame: function() {},
+      instancePropDiff: function() {}
+    }, {
+      classProp: function() {}
+    });
+    var Child = Parent.extend({
+      instancePropDiff: function() {}
+    });
+
+    var adult = new Parent;
+    var kid   = new Child;
+
+    assert.equal(Child.classProp, Parent.classProp);
+    assert.notEqual(Child.classProp, undefined);
+
+    assert.equal(kid.instancePropSame, adult.instancePropSame);
+    assert.notEqual(kid.instancePropSame, undefined);
+
+    assert.notEqual(Child.prototype.instancePropDiff, Parent.prototype.instancePropDiff);
+    assert.notEqual(Child.prototype.instancePropDiff, undefined);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test("Nested change events don't clobber previous attributes", function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(4);
+    new Backbone.Model()
+    .on('change:state', function(m, newState) {
+      assert.equal(m.previous('state'), undefined);
+      assert.equal(newState, 'hello');
+      // Fire a nested change event.
+      m.set({other: 'whatever'});
+    })
+    .on('change:state', function(m, newState) {
+      assert.equal(m.previous('state'), undefined);
+      assert.equal(newState, 'hello');
+    })
+    .set({state: 'hello'});
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('hasChanged/set should use same comparison', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var changed = 0, model = new Backbone.Model({a: null});
+    model.on('change', function() {
+      assert.ok(this.hasChanged('a'));
+    })
+    .on('change:a', function() {
+      changed++;
+    })
+    .set({a: undefined});
+    assert.equal(changed, 1);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#582, #425, change:attribute callbacks should fire after all changes have occurred', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(9);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model;
+
+    var assertion = function() {
+      assert.equal(model.get('a'), 'a');
+      assert.equal(model.get('b'), 'b');
+      assert.equal(model.get('c'), 'c');
+    };
+
+    model.on('change:a', assertion);
+    model.on('change:b', assertion);
+    model.on('change:c', assertion);
+
+    model.set({a: 'a', b: 'b', c: 'c'});
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#871, set with attributes property', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model();
+    model.set({attributes: true});
+    assert.ok(model.has('attributes'));
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('set value regardless of equality/change', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model({x: []});
+    var a = [];
+    model.set({x: a});
+    assert.ok(model.get('x') === a);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('set same value does not trigger change', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(0);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model({x: 1});
+    model.on('change change:x', function() { assert.ok(false); });
+    model.set({x: 1});
+    model.set({x: 1});
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('unset does not fire a change for undefined attributes', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(0);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model({x: undefined});
+    model.on('change:x', function(){ assert.ok(false); });
+    model.unset('x');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('set: undefined values', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model({x: undefined});
+    assert.ok('x' in model.attributes);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('hasChanged works outside of change events, and true within', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(6);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model({x: 1});
+    model.on('change:x', function() {
+      assert.ok(model.hasChanged('x'));
+      assert.equal(model.get('x'), 1);
+    });
+    model.set({x: 2}, {silent: true});
+    assert.ok(model.hasChanged());
+    assert.equal(model.hasChanged('x'), true);
+    model.set({x: 1});
+    assert.ok(model.hasChanged());
+    assert.equal(model.hasChanged('x'), true);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('hasChanged gets cleared on the following set', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(4);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model;
+    model.set({x: 1});
+    assert.ok(model.hasChanged());
+    model.set({x: 1});
+    assert.ok(!model.hasChanged());
+    model.set({x: 2});
+    assert.ok(model.hasChanged());
+    model.set({});
+    assert.ok(!model.hasChanged());
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('save with `wait` succeeds without `validate`', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model();
+    model.url = '/test';
+    model.save({x: 1}, {wait: true});
+    assert.ok(this.syncArgs.model === model);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test("save without `wait` doesn't set invalid attributes", function(assert) {
+    var model = new Backbone.Model();
+    model.validate = function() { return 1; };
+    model.save({a: 1});
+    assert.equal(model.get('a'), void 0);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test("save doesn't validate twice", function(assert) {
+    var model = new Backbone.Model();
+    var times = 0;
+    model.sync = function() {};
+    model.validate = function() { ++times; };
+    model.save({});
+    assert.equal(times, 1);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('`hasChanged` for falsey keys', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model();
+    model.set({x: true}, {silent: true});
+    assert.ok(!model.hasChanged(0));
+    assert.ok(!model.hasChanged(''));
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('`previous` for falsey keys', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model({'0': true, '': true});
+    model.set({'0': false, '': false}, {silent: true});
+    assert.equal(model.previous(0), true);
+    assert.equal(model.previous(''), true);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('`save` with `wait` sends correct attributes', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(5);
+    var changed = 0;
+    var model = new Backbone.Model({x: 1, y: 2});
+    model.url = '/test';
+    model.on('change:x', function() { changed++; });
+    model.save({x: 3}, {wait: true});
+    assert.deepEqual(JSON.parse(this.ajaxSettings.data), {x: 3, y: 2});
+    assert.equal(model.get('x'), 1);
+    assert.equal(changed, 0);
+    this.syncArgs.options.success({});
+    assert.equal(model.get('x'), 3);
+    assert.equal(changed, 1);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test("a failed `save` with `wait` doesn't leave attributes behind", function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model;
+    model.url = '/test';
+    model.save({x: 1}, {wait: true});
+    assert.equal(model.get('x'), void 0);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#1030 - `save` with `wait` results in correct attributes if success is called during sync', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model({x: 1, y: 2});
+    model.sync = function(method, m, options) {
+      options.success();
+    };
+    model.on('change:x', function() { assert.ok(true); });
+    model.save({x: 3}, {wait: true});
+    assert.equal(model.get('x'), 3);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('save with wait validates attributes', function(assert) {
+    var model = new Backbone.Model();
+    model.url = '/test';
+    model.validate = function() { assert.ok(true); };
+    model.save({x: 1}, {wait: true});
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('save turns on parse flag', function(assert) {
+    var Model = Backbone.Model.extend({
+      sync: function(method, m, options) { assert.ok(options.parse); }
+    });
+    new Model().save();
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test("nested `set` during `'change:attr'`", function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var events = [];
+    var model = new Backbone.Model();
+    model.on('all', function(event) { events.push(event); });
+    model.on('change', function() {
+      model.set({z: true}, {silent: true});
+    });
+    model.on('change:x', function() {
+      model.set({y: true});
+    });
+    model.set({x: true});
+    assert.deepEqual(events, ['change:y', 'change:x', 'change']);
+    events = [];
+    model.set({z: true});
+    assert.deepEqual(events, []);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('nested `change` only fires once', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model();
+    model.on('change', function() {
+      assert.ok(true);
+      model.set({x: true});
+    });
+    model.set({x: true});
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test("nested `set` during `'change'`", function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(6);
+    var count = 0;
+    var model = new Backbone.Model();
+    model.on('change', function() {
+      switch (count++) {
+        case 0:
+          assert.deepEqual(this.changedAttributes(), {x: true});
+          assert.equal(model.previous('x'), undefined);
+          model.set({y: true});
+          break;
+        case 1:
+          assert.deepEqual(this.changedAttributes(), {x: true, y: true});
+          assert.equal(model.previous('x'), undefined);
+          model.set({z: true});
+          break;
+        case 2:
+          assert.deepEqual(this.changedAttributes(), {x: true, y: true, z: true});
+          assert.equal(model.previous('y'), undefined);
+          break;
+        default:
+          assert.ok(false);
+      }
+    });
+    model.set({x: true});
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('nested `change` with silent', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(3);
+    var count = 0;
+    var model = new Backbone.Model();
+    model.on('change:y', function() { assert.ok(false); });
+    model.on('change', function() {
+      switch (count++) {
+        case 0:
+          assert.deepEqual(this.changedAttributes(), {x: true});
+          model.set({y: true}, {silent: true});
+          model.set({z: true});
+          break;
+        case 1:
+          assert.deepEqual(this.changedAttributes(), {x: true, y: true, z: true});
+          break;
+        case 2:
+          assert.deepEqual(this.changedAttributes(), {z: false});
+          break;
+        default:
+          assert.ok(false);
+      }
+    });
+    model.set({x: true});
+    model.set({z: false});
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('nested `change:attr` with silent', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(0);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model();
+    model.on('change:y', function(){ assert.ok(false); });
+    model.on('change', function() {
+      model.set({y: true}, {silent: true});
+      model.set({z: true});
+    });
+    model.set({x: true});
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('multiple nested changes with silent', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model();
+    model.on('change:x', function() {
+      model.set({y: 1}, {silent: true});
+      model.set({y: 2});
+    });
+    model.on('change:y', function(m, val) {
+      assert.equal(val, 2);
+    });
+    model.set({x: true});
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('multiple nested changes with silent', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var changes = [];
+    var model = new Backbone.Model();
+    model.on('change:b', function(m, val) { changes.push(val); });
+    model.on('change', function() {
+      model.set({b: 1});
+    });
+    model.set({b: 0});
+    assert.deepEqual(changes, [0, 1]);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('basic silent change semantics', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model;
+    model.set({x: 1});
+    model.on('change', function(){ assert.ok(true); });
+    model.set({x: 2}, {silent: true});
+    model.set({x: 1});
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('nested set multiple times', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model();
+    model.on('change:b', function() {
+      assert.ok(true);
+    });
+    model.on('change:a', function() {
+      model.set({b: true});
+      model.set({b: true});
+    });
+    model.set({a: true});
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#1122 - clear does not alter options.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model();
+    var options = {};
+    model.clear(options);
+    assert.ok(!options.unset);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#1122 - unset does not alter options.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model();
+    var options = {};
+    model.unset('x', options);
+    assert.ok(!options.unset);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#1355 - `options` is passed to success callbacks', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(3);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model();
+    var opts = {
+      success: function( m, resp, options ) {
+        assert.ok(options);
+      }
+    };
+    model.sync = function(method, m, options) {
+      options.success();
+    };
+    model.save({id: 1}, opts);
+    model.fetch(opts);
+    model.destroy(opts);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test("#1412 - Trigger 'sync' event.", function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(3);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model({id: 1});
+    model.sync = function(method, m, options) { options.success(); };
+    model.on('sync', function(){ assert.ok(true); });
+    model.fetch();
+    model.save();
+    model.destroy();
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#1365 - Destroy: New models execute success callback.', function(assert) {
+    var done = assert.async();
+    assert.expect(2);
+    new Backbone.Model()
+    .on('sync', function() { assert.ok(false); })
+    .on('destroy', function(){ assert.ok(true); })
+    .destroy({success: function(){
+      assert.ok(true);
+      done();
+    }});
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#1433 - Save: An invalid model cannot be persisted.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model;
+    model.validate = function(){ return 'invalid'; };
+    model.sync = function(){ assert.ok(false); };
+    assert.strictEqual(model.save(), false);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test("#1377 - Save without attrs triggers 'error'.", function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var Model = Backbone.Model.extend({
+      url: '/test/',
+      sync: function(method, m, options){ options.success(); },
+      validate: function(){ return 'invalid'; }
+    });
+    var model = new Model({id: 1});
+    model.on('invalid', function(){ assert.ok(true); });
+    model.save();
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#1545 - `undefined` can be passed to a model constructor without coersion', function(assert) {
+    var Model = Backbone.Model.extend({
+      defaults: {one: 1},
+      initialize: function(attrs, opts) {
+        assert.equal(attrs, undefined);
+      }
+    });
+    var emptyattrs = new Model();
+    var undefinedattrs = new Model(undefined);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#1478 - Model `save` does not trigger change on unchanged attributes', function(assert) {
+    var done = assert.async();
+    assert.expect(0);
+    var Model = Backbone.Model.extend({
+      sync: function(method, m, options) {
+        setTimeout(function(){
+          options.success();
+          done();
+        }, 0);
+      }
+    });
+    new Model({x: true})
+    .on('change:x', function(){ assert.ok(false); })
+    .save(null, {wait: true});
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#1664 - Changing from one value, silently to another, back to original triggers a change.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model({x: 1});
+    model.on('change:x', function() { assert.ok(true); });
+    model.set({x: 2}, {silent: true});
+    model.set({x: 3}, {silent: true});
+    model.set({x: 1});
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#1664 - multiple silent changes nested inside a change event', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var changes = [];
+    var model = new Backbone.Model();
+    model.on('change', function() {
+      model.set({a: 'c'}, {silent: true});
+      model.set({b: 2}, {silent: true});
+      model.unset('c', {silent: true});
+    });
+    model.on('change:a change:b change:c', function(m, val) { changes.push(val); });
+    model.set({a: 'a', b: 1, c: 'item'});
+    assert.deepEqual(changes, ['a', 1, 'item']);
+    assert.deepEqual(model.attributes, {a: 'c', b: 2});
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#1791 - `attributes` is available for `parse`', function(assert) {
+    var Model = Backbone.Model.extend({
+      parse: function() { this.has('a'); } // shouldn't throw an error
+    });
+    var model = new Model(null, {parse: true});
+    assert.expect(0);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('silent changes in last `change` event back to original triggers change', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var changes = [];
+    var model = new Backbone.Model();
+    model.on('change:a change:b change:c', function(m, val) { changes.push(val); });
+    model.on('change', function() {
+      model.set({a: 'c'}, {silent: true});
+    });
+    model.set({a: 'a'});
+    assert.deepEqual(changes, ['a']);
+    model.set({a: 'a'});
+    assert.deepEqual(changes, ['a', 'a']);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#1943 change calculations should use _.isEqual', function(assert) {
+    var model = new Backbone.Model({a: {key: 'value'}});
+    model.set('a', {key: 'value'}, {silent: true});
+    assert.equal(model.changedAttributes(), false);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#1964 - final `change` event is always fired, regardless of interim changes', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model();
+    model.on('change:property', function() {
+      model.set('property', 'bar');
+    });
+    model.on('change', function() {
+      assert.ok(true);
+    });
+    model.set('property', 'foo');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('isValid', function(assert) {
+    var model = new Backbone.Model({valid: true});
+    model.validate = function(attrs) {
+      if (!attrs.valid) return 'invalid';
+    };
+    assert.equal(model.isValid(), true);
+    assert.equal(model.set({valid: false}, {validate: true}), false);
+    assert.equal(model.isValid(), true);
+    model.set({valid: false});
+    assert.equal(model.isValid(), false);
+    assert.ok(!model.set('valid', false, {validate: true}));
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#1179 - isValid returns true in the absence of validate.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model();
+    model.validate = null;
+    assert.ok(model.isValid());
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#1961 - Creating a model with {validate:true} will call validate and use the error callback', function(assert) {
+    var Model = Backbone.Model.extend({
+      validate: function(attrs) {
+        if (attrs.id === 1) return "This shouldn't happen";
+      }
+    });
+    var model = new Model({id: 1}, {validate: true});
+    assert.equal(model.validationError, "This shouldn't happen");
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('toJSON receives attrs during save(..., {wait: true})', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var Model = Backbone.Model.extend({
+      url: '/test',
+      toJSON: function() {
+        assert.strictEqual(this.attributes.x, 1);
+        return _.clone(this.attributes);
+      }
+    });
+    var model = new Model;
+    model.save({x: 1}, {wait: true});
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#2034 - nested set with silent only triggers one change', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model();
+    model.on('change', function() {
+      model.set({b: true}, {silent: true});
+      assert.ok(true);
+    });
+    model.set({a: true});
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#3778 - id will only be updated if it is set', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model({id: 1});
+    model.id = 2;
+    model.set({foo: 'bar'});
+    assert.equal(model.id, 2);
+    model.set({id: 3});
+    assert.equal(model.id, 3);
+  });
+
+})();
diff --git a/ecomp-portal-FE/client/bower_components/lodash/vendor/backbone/test/noconflict.js b/ecomp-portal-FE/client/bower_components/lodash/vendor/backbone/test/noconflict.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9968f688
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ecomp-portal-FE/client/bower_components/lodash/vendor/backbone/test/noconflict.js
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+(function() {
+
+  QUnit.module('Backbone.noConflict');
+
+  QUnit.test('noConflict', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var noconflictBackbone = Backbone.noConflict();
+    assert.equal(window.Backbone, undefined, 'Returned window.Backbone');
+    window.Backbone = noconflictBackbone;
+    assert.equal(window.Backbone, noconflictBackbone, 'Backbone is still pointing to the original Backbone');
+  });
+
+})();
diff --git a/ecomp-portal-FE/client/bower_components/lodash/vendor/backbone/test/router.js b/ecomp-portal-FE/client/bower_components/lodash/vendor/backbone/test/router.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..13110c45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ecomp-portal-FE/client/bower_components/lodash/vendor/backbone/test/router.js
@@ -0,0 +1,1062 @@
+(function() {
+
+  var router = null;
+  var location = null;
+  var lastRoute = null;
+  var lastArgs = [];
+
+  var onRoute = function(routerParam, route, args) {
+    lastRoute = route;
+    lastArgs = args;
+  };
+
+  var Location = function(href) {
+    this.replace(href);
+  };
+
+  _.extend(Location.prototype, {
+
+    parser: document.createElement('a'),
+
+    replace: function(href) {
+      this.parser.href = href;
+      _.extend(this, _.pick(this.parser,
+        'href',
+        'hash',
+        'host',
+        'search',
+        'fragment',
+        'pathname',
+        'protocol'
+      ));
+      // In IE, anchor.pathname does not contain a leading slash though
+      // window.location.pathname does.
+      if (!/^\//.test(this.pathname)) this.pathname = '/' + this.pathname;
+    },
+
+    toString: function() {
+      return this.href;
+    }
+
+  });
+
+  QUnit.module('Backbone.Router', {
+
+    setup: function() {
+      location = new Location('http://example.com');
+      Backbone.history = _.extend(new Backbone.History, {location: location});
+      router = new Router({testing: 101});
+      Backbone.history.interval = 9;
+      Backbone.history.start({pushState: false});
+      lastRoute = null;
+      lastArgs = [];
+      Backbone.history.on('route', onRoute);
+    },
+
+    teardown: function() {
+      Backbone.history.stop();
+      Backbone.history.off('route', onRoute);
+    }
+
+  });
+
+  var ExternalObject = {
+    value: 'unset',
+
+    routingFunction: function(value) {
+      this.value = value;
+    }
+  };
+  ExternalObject.routingFunction = _.bind(ExternalObject.routingFunction, ExternalObject);
+
+  var Router = Backbone.Router.extend({
+
+    count: 0,
+
+    routes: {
+      'noCallback': 'noCallback',
+      'counter': 'counter',
+      'search/:query': 'search',
+      'search/:query/p:page': 'search',
+      'charñ': 'charUTF',
+      'char%C3%B1': 'charEscaped',
+      'contacts': 'contacts',
+      'contacts/new': 'newContact',
+      'contacts/:id': 'loadContact',
+      'route-event/:arg': 'routeEvent',
+      'optional(/:item)': 'optionalItem',
+      'named/optional/(y:z)': 'namedOptional',
+      'splat/*args/end': 'splat',
+      ':repo/compare/*from...*to': 'github',
+      'decode/:named/*splat': 'decode',
+      '*first/complex-*part/*rest': 'complex',
+      'query/:entity': 'query',
+      'function/:value': ExternalObject.routingFunction,
+      '*anything': 'anything'
+    },
+
+    initialize: function(options) {
+      this.testing = options.testing;
+      this.route('implicit', 'implicit');
+    },
+
+    counter: function() {
+      this.count++;
+    },
+
+    implicit: function() {
+      this.count++;
+    },
+
+    search: function(query, page) {
+      this.query = query;
+      this.page = page;
+    },
+
+    charUTF: function() {
+      this.charType = 'UTF';
+    },
+
+    charEscaped: function() {
+      this.charType = 'escaped';
+    },
+
+    contacts: function(){
+      this.contact = 'index';
+    },
+
+    newContact: function(){
+      this.contact = 'new';
+    },
+
+    loadContact: function(){
+      this.contact = 'load';
+    },
+
+    optionalItem: function(arg){
+      this.arg = arg !== void 0 ? arg : null;
+    },
+
+    splat: function(args) {
+      this.args = args;
+    },
+
+    github: function(repo, from, to) {
+      this.repo = repo;
+      this.from = from;
+      this.to = to;
+    },
+
+    complex: function(first, part, rest) {
+      this.first = first;
+      this.part = part;
+      this.rest = rest;
+    },
+
+    query: function(entity, args) {
+      this.entity    = entity;
+      this.queryArgs = args;
+    },
+
+    anything: function(whatever) {
+      this.anything = whatever;
+    },
+
+    namedOptional: function(z) {
+      this.z = z;
+    },
+
+    decode: function(named, path) {
+      this.named = named;
+      this.path = path;
+    },
+
+    routeEvent: function(arg) {
+    }
+
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('initialize', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    assert.equal(router.testing, 101);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('routes (simple)', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(4);
+    location.replace('http://example.com#search/news');
+    Backbone.history.checkUrl();
+    assert.equal(router.query, 'news');
+    assert.equal(router.page, void 0);
+    assert.equal(lastRoute, 'search');
+    assert.equal(lastArgs[0], 'news');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('routes (simple, but unicode)', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(4);
+    location.replace('http://example.com#search/тест');
+    Backbone.history.checkUrl();
+    assert.equal(router.query, 'тест');
+    assert.equal(router.page, void 0);
+    assert.equal(lastRoute, 'search');
+    assert.equal(lastArgs[0], 'тест');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('routes (two part)', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    location.replace('http://example.com#search/nyc/p10');
+    Backbone.history.checkUrl();
+    assert.equal(router.query, 'nyc');
+    assert.equal(router.page, '10');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('routes via navigate', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    Backbone.history.navigate('search/manhattan/p20', {trigger: true});
+    assert.equal(router.query, 'manhattan');
+    assert.equal(router.page, '20');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('routes via navigate with params', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    Backbone.history.navigate('query/test?a=b', {trigger: true});
+    assert.equal(router.queryArgs, 'a=b');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('routes via navigate for backwards-compatibility', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    Backbone.history.navigate('search/manhattan/p20', true);
+    assert.equal(router.query, 'manhattan');
+    assert.equal(router.page, '20');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('reports matched route via nagivate', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    assert.ok(Backbone.history.navigate('search/manhattan/p20', true));
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('route precedence via navigate', function(assert){
+    assert.expect(6);
+    // check both 0.9.x and backwards-compatibility options
+    _.each([{trigger: true}, true], function( options ){
+      Backbone.history.navigate('contacts', options);
+      assert.equal(router.contact, 'index');
+      Backbone.history.navigate('contacts/new', options);
+      assert.equal(router.contact, 'new');
+      Backbone.history.navigate('contacts/foo', options);
+      assert.equal(router.contact, 'load');
+    });
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('loadUrl is not called for identical routes.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(0);
+    Backbone.history.loadUrl = function(){ assert.ok(false); };
+    location.replace('http://example.com#route');
+    Backbone.history.navigate('route');
+    Backbone.history.navigate('/route');
+    Backbone.history.navigate('/route');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('use implicit callback if none provided', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    router.count = 0;
+    router.navigate('implicit', {trigger: true});
+    assert.equal(router.count, 1);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('routes via navigate with {replace: true}', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    location.replace('http://example.com#start_here');
+    Backbone.history.checkUrl();
+    location.replace = function(href) {
+      assert.strictEqual(href, new Location('http://example.com#end_here').href);
+    };
+    Backbone.history.navigate('end_here', {replace: true});
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('routes (splats)', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    location.replace('http://example.com#splat/long-list/of/splatted_99args/end');
+    Backbone.history.checkUrl();
+    assert.equal(router.args, 'long-list/of/splatted_99args');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('routes (github)', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(3);
+    location.replace('http://example.com#backbone/compare/1.0...braddunbar:with/slash');
+    Backbone.history.checkUrl();
+    assert.equal(router.repo, 'backbone');
+    assert.equal(router.from, '1.0');
+    assert.equal(router.to, 'braddunbar:with/slash');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('routes (optional)', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    location.replace('http://example.com#optional');
+    Backbone.history.checkUrl();
+    assert.ok(!router.arg);
+    location.replace('http://example.com#optional/thing');
+    Backbone.history.checkUrl();
+    assert.equal(router.arg, 'thing');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('routes (complex)', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(3);
+    location.replace('http://example.com#one/two/three/complex-part/four/five/six/seven');
+    Backbone.history.checkUrl();
+    assert.equal(router.first, 'one/two/three');
+    assert.equal(router.part, 'part');
+    assert.equal(router.rest, 'four/five/six/seven');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('routes (query)', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(5);
+    location.replace('http://example.com#query/mandel?a=b&c=d');
+    Backbone.history.checkUrl();
+    assert.equal(router.entity, 'mandel');
+    assert.equal(router.queryArgs, 'a=b&c=d');
+    assert.equal(lastRoute, 'query');
+    assert.equal(lastArgs[0], 'mandel');
+    assert.equal(lastArgs[1], 'a=b&c=d');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('routes (anything)', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    location.replace('http://example.com#doesnt-match-a-route');
+    Backbone.history.checkUrl();
+    assert.equal(router.anything, 'doesnt-match-a-route');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('routes (function)', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(3);
+    router.on('route', function(name) {
+      assert.ok(name === '');
+    });
+    assert.equal(ExternalObject.value, 'unset');
+    location.replace('http://example.com#function/set');
+    Backbone.history.checkUrl();
+    assert.equal(ExternalObject.value, 'set');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('Decode named parameters, not splats.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    location.replace('http://example.com#decode/a%2Fb/c%2Fd/e');
+    Backbone.history.checkUrl();
+    assert.strictEqual(router.named, 'a/b');
+    assert.strictEqual(router.path, 'c/d/e');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test("fires event when router doesn't have callback on it", function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    router.on('route:noCallback', function(){ assert.ok(true); });
+    location.replace('http://example.com#noCallback');
+    Backbone.history.checkUrl();
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('No events are triggered if #execute returns false.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var MyRouter = Backbone.Router.extend({
+
+      routes: {
+        foo: function() {
+          assert.ok(true);
+        }
+      },
+
+      execute: function(callback, args) {
+        callback.apply(this, args);
+        return false;
+      }
+
+    });
+
+    var myRouter = new MyRouter;
+
+    myRouter.on('route route:foo', function() {
+      assert.ok(false);
+    });
+
+    Backbone.history.on('route', function() {
+      assert.ok(false);
+    });
+
+    location.replace('http://example.com#foo');
+    Backbone.history.checkUrl();
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#933, #908 - leading slash', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    location.replace('http://example.com/root/foo');
+
+    Backbone.history.stop();
+    Backbone.history = _.extend(new Backbone.History, {location: location});
+    Backbone.history.start({root: '/root', hashChange: false, silent: true});
+    assert.strictEqual(Backbone.history.getFragment(), 'foo');
+
+    Backbone.history.stop();
+    Backbone.history = _.extend(new Backbone.History, {location: location});
+    Backbone.history.start({root: '/root/', hashChange: false, silent: true});
+    assert.strictEqual(Backbone.history.getFragment(), 'foo');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#967 - Route callback gets passed encoded values.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(3);
+    var route = 'has%2Fslash/complex-has%23hash/has%20space';
+    Backbone.history.navigate(route, {trigger: true});
+    assert.strictEqual(router.first, 'has/slash');
+    assert.strictEqual(router.part, 'has#hash');
+    assert.strictEqual(router.rest, 'has space');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('correctly handles URLs with % (#868)', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(3);
+    location.replace('http://example.com#search/fat%3A1.5%25');
+    Backbone.history.checkUrl();
+    location.replace('http://example.com#search/fat');
+    Backbone.history.checkUrl();
+    assert.equal(router.query, 'fat');
+    assert.equal(router.page, void 0);
+    assert.equal(lastRoute, 'search');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#2666 - Hashes with UTF8 in them.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    Backbone.history.navigate('charñ', {trigger: true});
+    assert.equal(router.charType, 'UTF');
+    Backbone.history.navigate('char%C3%B1', {trigger: true});
+    assert.equal(router.charType, 'UTF');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#1185 - Use pathname when hashChange is not wanted.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    Backbone.history.stop();
+    location.replace('http://example.com/path/name#hash');
+    Backbone.history = _.extend(new Backbone.History, {location: location});
+    Backbone.history.start({hashChange: false});
+    var fragment = Backbone.history.getFragment();
+    assert.strictEqual(fragment, location.pathname.replace(/^\//, ''));
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#1206 - Strip leading slash before location.assign.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    Backbone.history.stop();
+    location.replace('http://example.com/root/');
+    Backbone.history = _.extend(new Backbone.History, {location: location});
+    Backbone.history.start({hashChange: false, root: '/root/'});
+    location.assign = function(pathname) {
+      assert.strictEqual(pathname, '/root/fragment');
+    };
+    Backbone.history.navigate('/fragment');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#1387 - Root fragment without trailing slash.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    Backbone.history.stop();
+    location.replace('http://example.com/root');
+    Backbone.history = _.extend(new Backbone.History, {location: location});
+    Backbone.history.start({hashChange: false, root: '/root/', silent: true});
+    assert.strictEqual(Backbone.history.getFragment(), '');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#1366 - History does not prepend root to fragment.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    Backbone.history.stop();
+    location.replace('http://example.com/root/');
+    Backbone.history = _.extend(new Backbone.History, {
+      location: location,
+      history: {
+        pushState: function(state, title, url) {
+          assert.strictEqual(url, '/root/x');
+        }
+      }
+    });
+    Backbone.history.start({
+      root: '/root/',
+      pushState: true,
+      hashChange: false
+    });
+    Backbone.history.navigate('x');
+    assert.strictEqual(Backbone.history.fragment, 'x');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('Normalize root.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    Backbone.history.stop();
+    location.replace('http://example.com/root');
+    Backbone.history = _.extend(new Backbone.History, {
+      location: location,
+      history: {
+        pushState: function(state, title, url) {
+          assert.strictEqual(url, '/root/fragment');
+        }
+      }
+    });
+    Backbone.history.start({
+      pushState: true,
+      root: '/root',
+      hashChange: false
+    });
+    Backbone.history.navigate('fragment');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('Normalize root.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    Backbone.history.stop();
+    location.replace('http://example.com/root#fragment');
+    Backbone.history = _.extend(new Backbone.History, {
+      location: location,
+      history: {
+        pushState: function(state, title, url) {},
+        replaceState: function(state, title, url) {
+          assert.strictEqual(url, '/root/fragment');
+        }
+      }
+    });
+    Backbone.history.start({
+      pushState: true,
+      root: '/root'
+    });
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('Normalize root.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    Backbone.history.stop();
+    location.replace('http://example.com/root');
+    Backbone.history = _.extend(new Backbone.History, {location: location});
+    Backbone.history.loadUrl = function() { assert.ok(true); };
+    Backbone.history.start({
+      pushState: true,
+      root: '/root'
+    });
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('Normalize root - leading slash.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    Backbone.history.stop();
+    location.replace('http://example.com/root');
+    Backbone.history = _.extend(new Backbone.History, {
+      location: location,
+      history: {
+        pushState: function(){},
+        replaceState: function(){}
+      }
+    });
+    Backbone.history.start({root: 'root'});
+    assert.strictEqual(Backbone.history.root, '/root/');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('Transition from hashChange to pushState.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    Backbone.history.stop();
+    location.replace('http://example.com/root#x/y');
+    Backbone.history = _.extend(new Backbone.History, {
+      location: location,
+      history: {
+        pushState: function(){},
+        replaceState: function(state, title, url){
+          assert.strictEqual(url, '/root/x/y');
+        }
+      }
+    });
+    Backbone.history.start({
+      root: 'root',
+      pushState: true
+    });
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#1619: Router: Normalize empty root', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    Backbone.history.stop();
+    location.replace('http://example.com/');
+    Backbone.history = _.extend(new Backbone.History, {
+      location: location,
+      history: {
+        pushState: function(){},
+        replaceState: function(){}
+      }
+    });
+    Backbone.history.start({root: ''});
+    assert.strictEqual(Backbone.history.root, '/');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#1619: Router: nagivate with empty root', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    Backbone.history.stop();
+    location.replace('http://example.com/');
+    Backbone.history = _.extend(new Backbone.History, {
+      location: location,
+      history: {
+        pushState: function(state, title, url) {
+          assert.strictEqual(url, '/fragment');
+        }
+      }
+    });
+    Backbone.history.start({
+      pushState: true,
+      root: '',
+      hashChange: false
+    });
+    Backbone.history.navigate('fragment');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('Transition from pushState to hashChange.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    Backbone.history.stop();
+    location.replace('http://example.com/root/x/y?a=b');
+    location.replace = function(url) {
+      assert.strictEqual(url, '/root#x/y?a=b');
+    };
+    Backbone.history = _.extend(new Backbone.History, {
+      location: location,
+      history: {
+        pushState: null,
+        replaceState: null
+      }
+    });
+    Backbone.history.start({
+      root: 'root',
+      pushState: true
+    });
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#1695 - hashChange to pushState with search.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    Backbone.history.stop();
+    location.replace('http://example.com/root#x/y?a=b');
+    Backbone.history = _.extend(new Backbone.History, {
+      location: location,
+      history: {
+        pushState: function(){},
+        replaceState: function(state, title, url){
+          assert.strictEqual(url, '/root/x/y?a=b');
+        }
+      }
+    });
+    Backbone.history.start({
+      root: 'root',
+      pushState: true
+    });
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#1746 - Router allows empty route.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var MyRouter = Backbone.Router.extend({
+      routes: {'': 'empty'},
+      empty: function(){},
+      route: function(route){
+        assert.strictEqual(route, '');
+      }
+    });
+    new MyRouter;
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#1794 - Trailing space in fragments.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var history = new Backbone.History;
+    assert.strictEqual(history.getFragment('fragment   '), 'fragment');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#1820 - Leading slash and trailing space.', 1, function(assert) {
+    var history = new Backbone.History;
+    assert.strictEqual(history.getFragment('/fragment '), 'fragment');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#1980 - Optional parameters.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    location.replace('http://example.com#named/optional/y');
+    Backbone.history.checkUrl();
+    assert.strictEqual(router.z, undefined);
+    location.replace('http://example.com#named/optional/y123');
+    Backbone.history.checkUrl();
+    assert.strictEqual(router.z, '123');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test("#2062 - Trigger 'route' event on router instance.", function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    router.on('route', function(name, args) {
+      assert.strictEqual(name, 'routeEvent');
+      assert.deepEqual(args, ['x', null]);
+    });
+    location.replace('http://example.com#route-event/x');
+    Backbone.history.checkUrl();
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#2255 - Extend routes by making routes a function.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var RouterBase = Backbone.Router.extend({
+      routes: function() {
+        return {
+          home: 'root',
+          index: 'index.html'
+        };
+      }
+    });
+
+    var RouterExtended = RouterBase.extend({
+      routes: function() {
+        var _super = RouterExtended.__super__.routes;
+        return _.extend(_super(), {show: 'show', search: 'search'});
+      }
+    });
+
+    var myRouter = new RouterExtended();
+    assert.deepEqual({home: 'root', index: 'index.html', show: 'show', search: 'search'}, myRouter.routes);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#2538 - hashChange to pushState only if both requested.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(0);
+    Backbone.history.stop();
+    location.replace('http://example.com/root?a=b#x/y');
+    Backbone.history = _.extend(new Backbone.History, {
+      location: location,
+      history: {
+        pushState: function(){},
+        replaceState: function(){ assert.ok(false); }
+      }
+    });
+    Backbone.history.start({
+      root: 'root',
+      pushState: true,
+      hashChange: false
+    });
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('No hash fallback.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(0);
+    Backbone.history.stop();
+    Backbone.history = _.extend(new Backbone.History, {
+      location: location,
+      history: {
+        pushState: function(){},
+        replaceState: function(){}
+      }
+    });
+
+    var MyRouter = Backbone.Router.extend({
+      routes: {
+        hash: function() { assert.ok(false); }
+      }
+    });
+    var myRouter = new MyRouter;
+
+    location.replace('http://example.com/');
+    Backbone.history.start({
+      pushState: true,
+      hashChange: false
+    });
+    location.replace('http://example.com/nomatch#hash');
+    Backbone.history.checkUrl();
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#2656 - No trailing slash on root.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    Backbone.history.stop();
+    Backbone.history = _.extend(new Backbone.History, {
+      location: location,
+      history: {
+        pushState: function(state, title, url){
+          assert.strictEqual(url, '/root');
+        }
+      }
+    });
+    location.replace('http://example.com/root/path');
+    Backbone.history.start({pushState: true, hashChange: false, root: 'root'});
+    Backbone.history.navigate('');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#2656 - No trailing slash on root.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    Backbone.history.stop();
+    Backbone.history = _.extend(new Backbone.History, {
+      location: location,
+      history: {
+        pushState: function(state, title, url) {
+          assert.strictEqual(url, '/');
+        }
+      }
+    });
+    location.replace('http://example.com/path');
+    Backbone.history.start({pushState: true, hashChange: false});
+    Backbone.history.navigate('');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#2656 - No trailing slash on root.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    Backbone.history.stop();
+    Backbone.history = _.extend(new Backbone.History, {
+      location: location,
+      history: {
+        pushState: function(state, title, url){
+          assert.strictEqual(url, '/root?x=1');
+        }
+      }
+    });
+    location.replace('http://example.com/root/path');
+    Backbone.history.start({pushState: true, hashChange: false, root: 'root'});
+    Backbone.history.navigate('?x=1');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#2765 - Fragment matching sans query/hash.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    Backbone.history.stop();
+    Backbone.history = _.extend(new Backbone.History, {
+      location: location,
+      history: {
+        pushState: function(state, title, url) {
+          assert.strictEqual(url, '/path?query#hash');
+        }
+      }
+    });
+
+    var MyRouter = Backbone.Router.extend({
+      routes: {
+        path: function() { assert.ok(true); }
+      }
+    });
+    var myRouter = new MyRouter;
+
+    location.replace('http://example.com/');
+    Backbone.history.start({pushState: true, hashChange: false});
+    Backbone.history.navigate('path?query#hash', true);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('Do not decode the search params.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var MyRouter = Backbone.Router.extend({
+      routes: {
+        path: function(params){
+          assert.strictEqual(params, 'x=y%3Fz');
+        }
+      }
+    });
+    var myRouter = new MyRouter;
+    Backbone.history.navigate('path?x=y%3Fz', true);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('Navigate to a hash url.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    Backbone.history.stop();
+    Backbone.history = _.extend(new Backbone.History, {location: location});
+    Backbone.history.start({pushState: true});
+    var MyRouter = Backbone.Router.extend({
+      routes: {
+        path: function(params) {
+          assert.strictEqual(params, 'x=y');
+        }
+      }
+    });
+    var myRouter = new MyRouter;
+    location.replace('http://example.com/path?x=y#hash');
+    Backbone.history.checkUrl();
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#navigate to a hash url.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    Backbone.history.stop();
+    Backbone.history = _.extend(new Backbone.History, {location: location});
+    Backbone.history.start({pushState: true});
+    var MyRouter = Backbone.Router.extend({
+      routes: {
+        path: function(params) {
+          assert.strictEqual(params, 'x=y');
+        }
+      }
+    });
+    var myRouter = new MyRouter;
+    Backbone.history.navigate('path?x=y#hash', true);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('unicode pathname', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    location.replace('http://example.com/myyjä');
+    Backbone.history.stop();
+    Backbone.history = _.extend(new Backbone.History, {location: location});
+    var MyRouter = Backbone.Router.extend({
+      routes: {
+        myyjä: function() {
+          assert.ok(true);
+        }
+      }
+    });
+    new MyRouter;
+    Backbone.history.start({pushState: true});
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('unicode pathname with % in a parameter', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    location.replace('http://example.com/myyjä/foo%20%25%3F%2f%40%25%20bar');
+    location.pathname = '/myyj%C3%A4/foo%20%25%3F%2f%40%25%20bar';
+    Backbone.history.stop();
+    Backbone.history = _.extend(new Backbone.History, {location: location});
+    var MyRouter = Backbone.Router.extend({
+      routes: {
+        'myyjä/:query': function(query) {
+          assert.strictEqual(query, 'foo %?/@% bar');
+        }
+      }
+    });
+    new MyRouter;
+    Backbone.history.start({pushState: true});
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('newline in route', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    location.replace('http://example.com/stuff%0Anonsense?param=foo%0Abar');
+    Backbone.history.stop();
+    Backbone.history = _.extend(new Backbone.History, {location: location});
+    var MyRouter = Backbone.Router.extend({
+      routes: {
+        'stuff\nnonsense': function() {
+          assert.ok(true);
+        }
+      }
+    });
+    new MyRouter;
+    Backbone.history.start({pushState: true});
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('Router#execute receives callback, args, name.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(3);
+    location.replace('http://example.com#foo/123/bar?x=y');
+    Backbone.history.stop();
+    Backbone.history = _.extend(new Backbone.History, {location: location});
+    var MyRouter = Backbone.Router.extend({
+      routes: {'foo/:id/bar': 'foo'},
+      foo: function(){},
+      execute: function(callback, args, name) {
+        assert.strictEqual(callback, this.foo);
+        assert.deepEqual(args, ['123', 'x=y']);
+        assert.strictEqual(name, 'foo');
+      }
+    });
+    var myRouter = new MyRouter;
+    Backbone.history.start();
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('pushState to hashChange with only search params.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    Backbone.history.stop();
+    location.replace('http://example.com?a=b');
+    location.replace = function(url) {
+      assert.strictEqual(url, '/#?a=b');
+    };
+    Backbone.history = _.extend(new Backbone.History, {
+      location: location,
+      history: null
+    });
+    Backbone.history.start({pushState: true});
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#3123 - History#navigate decodes before comparison.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    Backbone.history.stop();
+    location.replace('http://example.com/shop/search?keyword=short%20dress');
+    Backbone.history = _.extend(new Backbone.History, {
+      location: location,
+      history: {
+        pushState: function(){ assert.ok(false); },
+        replaceState: function(){ assert.ok(false); }
+      }
+    });
+    Backbone.history.start({pushState: true});
+    Backbone.history.navigate('shop/search?keyword=short%20dress', true);
+    assert.strictEqual(Backbone.history.fragment, 'shop/search?keyword=short dress');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#3175 - Urls in the params', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    Backbone.history.stop();
+    location.replace('http://example.com#login?a=value&backUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fidp%2Fidpdemo%3Fspid%3Dspdemo%26target%3Db');
+    Backbone.history = _.extend(new Backbone.History, {location: location});
+    var myRouter = new Backbone.Router;
+    myRouter.route('login', function(params) {
+      assert.strictEqual(params, 'a=value&backUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fidp%2Fidpdemo%3Fspid%3Dspdemo%26target%3Db');
+    });
+    Backbone.history.start();
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#3358 - pushState to hashChange transition with search params', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    Backbone.history.stop();
+    location.replace('http://example.com/root?foo=bar');
+    location.replace = function(url) {
+      assert.strictEqual(url, '/root#?foo=bar');
+    };
+    Backbone.history = _.extend(new Backbone.History, {
+      location: location,
+      history: {
+        pushState: undefined,
+        replaceState: undefined
+      }
+    });
+    Backbone.history.start({root: '/root', pushState: true});
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test("Paths that don't match the root should not match no root", function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(0);
+    location.replace('http://example.com/foo');
+    Backbone.history.stop();
+    Backbone.history = _.extend(new Backbone.History, {location: location});
+    var MyRouter = Backbone.Router.extend({
+      routes: {
+        foo: function(){
+          assert.ok(false, 'should not match unless root matches');
+        }
+      }
+    });
+    var myRouter = new MyRouter;
+    Backbone.history.start({root: 'root', pushState: true});
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test("Paths that don't match the root should not match roots of the same length", function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(0);
+    location.replace('http://example.com/xxxx/foo');
+    Backbone.history.stop();
+    Backbone.history = _.extend(new Backbone.History, {location: location});
+    var MyRouter = Backbone.Router.extend({
+      routes: {
+        foo: function(){
+          assert.ok(false, 'should not match unless root matches');
+        }
+      }
+    });
+    var myRouter = new MyRouter;
+    Backbone.history.start({root: 'root', pushState: true});
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('roots with regex characters', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    location.replace('http://example.com/x+y.z/foo');
+    Backbone.history.stop();
+    Backbone.history = _.extend(new Backbone.History, {location: location});
+    var MyRouter = Backbone.Router.extend({
+      routes: {foo: function(){ assert.ok(true); }}
+    });
+    var myRouter = new MyRouter;
+    Backbone.history.start({root: 'x+y.z', pushState: true});
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('roots with unicode characters', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    location.replace('http://example.com/®ooτ/foo');
+    Backbone.history.stop();
+    Backbone.history = _.extend(new Backbone.History, {location: location});
+    var MyRouter = Backbone.Router.extend({
+      routes: {foo: function(){ assert.ok(true); }}
+    });
+    var myRouter = new MyRouter;
+    Backbone.history.start({root: '®ooτ', pushState: true});
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('roots without slash', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    location.replace('http://example.com/®ooτ');
+    Backbone.history.stop();
+    Backbone.history = _.extend(new Backbone.History, {location: location});
+    var MyRouter = Backbone.Router.extend({
+      routes: {'': function(){ assert.ok(true); }}
+    });
+    var myRouter = new MyRouter;
+    Backbone.history.start({root: '®ooτ', pushState: true});
+  });
+
+})();
diff --git a/ecomp-portal-FE/client/bower_components/lodash/vendor/backbone/test/setup/dom-setup.js b/ecomp-portal-FE/client/bower_components/lodash/vendor/backbone/test/setup/dom-setup.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f2242282
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ecomp-portal-FE/client/bower_components/lodash/vendor/backbone/test/setup/dom-setup.js
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+$('body').append(
+    '<div id="qunit"></div>' +
+    '<div id="qunit-fixture"></div>'
+);
diff --git a/ecomp-portal-FE/client/bower_components/lodash/vendor/backbone/test/setup/environment.js b/ecomp-portal-FE/client/bower_components/lodash/vendor/backbone/test/setup/environment.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c2441ac7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ecomp-portal-FE/client/bower_components/lodash/vendor/backbone/test/setup/environment.js
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+(function() {
+
+  var sync = Backbone.sync;
+  var ajax = Backbone.ajax;
+  var emulateHTTP = Backbone.emulateHTTP;
+  var emulateJSON = Backbone.emulateJSON;
+  var history = window.history;
+  var pushState = history.pushState;
+  var replaceState = history.replaceState;
+
+  QUnit.config.noglobals = true;
+
+  QUnit.testStart(function() {
+    var env = QUnit.config.current.testEnvironment;
+
+    // We never want to actually call these during tests.
+    history.pushState = history.replaceState = function(){};
+
+    // Capture ajax settings for comparison.
+    Backbone.ajax = function(settings) {
+      env.ajaxSettings = settings;
+    };
+
+    // Capture the arguments to Backbone.sync for comparison.
+    Backbone.sync = function(method, model, options) {
+      env.syncArgs = {
+        method: method,
+        model: model,
+        options: options
+      };
+      sync.apply(this, arguments);
+    };
+
+  });
+
+  QUnit.testDone(function() {
+    Backbone.sync = sync;
+    Backbone.ajax = ajax;
+    Backbone.emulateHTTP = emulateHTTP;
+    Backbone.emulateJSON = emulateJSON;
+    history.pushState = pushState;
+    history.replaceState = replaceState;
+  });
+
+})();
diff --git a/ecomp-portal-FE/client/bower_components/lodash/vendor/backbone/test/sync.js b/ecomp-portal-FE/client/bower_components/lodash/vendor/backbone/test/sync.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8813f158
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ecomp-portal-FE/client/bower_components/lodash/vendor/backbone/test/sync.js
@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+(function() {
+
+  var Library = Backbone.Collection.extend({
+    url: function() { return '/library'; }
+  });
+  var library;
+
+  var attrs = {
+    title: 'The Tempest',
+    author: 'Bill Shakespeare',
+    length: 123
+  };
+
+  QUnit.module('Backbone.sync', {
+
+    beforeEach: function(assert) {
+      library = new Library;
+      library.create(attrs, {wait: false});
+    },
+
+    afterEach: function(assert) {
+      Backbone.emulateHTTP = false;
+    }
+
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('read', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(4);
+    library.fetch();
+    assert.equal(this.ajaxSettings.url, '/library');
+    assert.equal(this.ajaxSettings.type, 'GET');
+    assert.equal(this.ajaxSettings.dataType, 'json');
+    assert.ok(_.isEmpty(this.ajaxSettings.data));
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('passing data', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(3);
+    library.fetch({data: {a: 'a', one: 1}});
+    assert.equal(this.ajaxSettings.url, '/library');
+    assert.equal(this.ajaxSettings.data.a, 'a');
+    assert.equal(this.ajaxSettings.data.one, 1);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('create', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(6);
+    assert.equal(this.ajaxSettings.url, '/library');
+    assert.equal(this.ajaxSettings.type, 'POST');
+    assert.equal(this.ajaxSettings.dataType, 'json');
+    var data = JSON.parse(this.ajaxSettings.data);
+    assert.equal(data.title, 'The Tempest');
+    assert.equal(data.author, 'Bill Shakespeare');
+    assert.equal(data.length, 123);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('update', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(7);
+    library.first().save({id: '1-the-tempest', author: 'William Shakespeare'});
+    assert.equal(this.ajaxSettings.url, '/library/1-the-tempest');
+    assert.equal(this.ajaxSettings.type, 'PUT');
+    assert.equal(this.ajaxSettings.dataType, 'json');
+    var data = JSON.parse(this.ajaxSettings.data);
+    assert.equal(data.id, '1-the-tempest');
+    assert.equal(data.title, 'The Tempest');
+    assert.equal(data.author, 'William Shakespeare');
+    assert.equal(data.length, 123);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('update with emulateHTTP and emulateJSON', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(7);
+    library.first().save({id: '2-the-tempest', author: 'Tim Shakespeare'}, {
+      emulateHTTP: true,
+      emulateJSON: true
+    });
+    assert.equal(this.ajaxSettings.url, '/library/2-the-tempest');
+    assert.equal(this.ajaxSettings.type, 'POST');
+    assert.equal(this.ajaxSettings.dataType, 'json');
+    assert.equal(this.ajaxSettings.data._method, 'PUT');
+    var data = JSON.parse(this.ajaxSettings.data.model);
+    assert.equal(data.id, '2-the-tempest');
+    assert.equal(data.author, 'Tim Shakespeare');
+    assert.equal(data.length, 123);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('update with just emulateHTTP', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(6);
+    library.first().save({id: '2-the-tempest', author: 'Tim Shakespeare'}, {
+      emulateHTTP: true
+    });
+    assert.equal(this.ajaxSettings.url, '/library/2-the-tempest');
+    assert.equal(this.ajaxSettings.type, 'POST');
+    assert.equal(this.ajaxSettings.contentType, 'application/json');
+    var data = JSON.parse(this.ajaxSettings.data);
+    assert.equal(data.id, '2-the-tempest');
+    assert.equal(data.author, 'Tim Shakespeare');
+    assert.equal(data.length, 123);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('update with just emulateJSON', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(6);
+    library.first().save({id: '2-the-tempest', author: 'Tim Shakespeare'}, {
+      emulateJSON: true
+    });
+    assert.equal(this.ajaxSettings.url, '/library/2-the-tempest');
+    assert.equal(this.ajaxSettings.type, 'PUT');
+    assert.equal(this.ajaxSettings.contentType, 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded');
+    var data = JSON.parse(this.ajaxSettings.data.model);
+    assert.equal(data.id, '2-the-tempest');
+    assert.equal(data.author, 'Tim Shakespeare');
+    assert.equal(data.length, 123);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('read model', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(3);
+    library.first().save({id: '2-the-tempest', author: 'Tim Shakespeare'});
+    library.first().fetch();
+    assert.equal(this.ajaxSettings.url, '/library/2-the-tempest');
+    assert.equal(this.ajaxSettings.type, 'GET');
+    assert.ok(_.isEmpty(this.ajaxSettings.data));
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('destroy', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(3);
+    library.first().save({id: '2-the-tempest', author: 'Tim Shakespeare'});
+    library.first().destroy({wait: true});
+    assert.equal(this.ajaxSettings.url, '/library/2-the-tempest');
+    assert.equal(this.ajaxSettings.type, 'DELETE');
+    assert.equal(this.ajaxSettings.data, null);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('destroy with emulateHTTP', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(3);
+    library.first().save({id: '2-the-tempest', author: 'Tim Shakespeare'});
+    library.first().destroy({
+      emulateHTTP: true,
+      emulateJSON: true
+    });
+    assert.equal(this.ajaxSettings.url, '/library/2-the-tempest');
+    assert.equal(this.ajaxSettings.type, 'POST');
+    assert.equal(JSON.stringify(this.ajaxSettings.data), '{"_method":"DELETE"}');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('urlError', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model();
+    assert.raises(function() {
+      model.fetch();
+    });
+    model.fetch({url: '/one/two'});
+    assert.equal(this.ajaxSettings.url, '/one/two');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#1052 - `options` is optional.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(0);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model();
+    model.url = '/test';
+    Backbone.sync('create', model);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('Backbone.ajax', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    Backbone.ajax = function(settings){
+      assert.strictEqual(settings.url, '/test');
+    };
+    var model = new Backbone.Model();
+    model.url = '/test';
+    Backbone.sync('create', model);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('Call provided error callback on error.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model;
+    model.url = '/test';
+    Backbone.sync('read', model, {
+      error: function() { assert.ok(true); }
+    });
+    this.ajaxSettings.error();
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('Use Backbone.emulateHTTP as default.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model;
+    model.url = '/test';
+
+    Backbone.emulateHTTP = true;
+    model.sync('create', model);
+    assert.strictEqual(this.ajaxSettings.emulateHTTP, true);
+
+    Backbone.emulateHTTP = false;
+    model.sync('create', model);
+    assert.strictEqual(this.ajaxSettings.emulateHTTP, false);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('Use Backbone.emulateJSON as default.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model;
+    model.url = '/test';
+
+    Backbone.emulateJSON = true;
+    model.sync('create', model);
+    assert.strictEqual(this.ajaxSettings.emulateJSON, true);
+
+    Backbone.emulateJSON = false;
+    model.sync('create', model);
+    assert.strictEqual(this.ajaxSettings.emulateJSON, false);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#1756 - Call user provided beforeSend function.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(4);
+    Backbone.emulateHTTP = true;
+    var model = new Backbone.Model;
+    model.url = '/test';
+    var xhr = {
+      setRequestHeader: function(header, value) {
+        assert.strictEqual(header, 'X-HTTP-Method-Override');
+        assert.strictEqual(value, 'DELETE');
+      }
+    };
+    model.sync('delete', model, {
+      beforeSend: function(_xhr) {
+        assert.ok(_xhr === xhr);
+        return false;
+      }
+    });
+    assert.strictEqual(this.ajaxSettings.beforeSend(xhr), false);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#2928 - Pass along `textStatus` and `errorThrown`.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var model = new Backbone.Model;
+    model.url = '/test';
+    model.on('error', function(m, xhr, options) {
+      assert.strictEqual(options.textStatus, 'textStatus');
+      assert.strictEqual(options.errorThrown, 'errorThrown');
+    });
+    model.fetch();
+    this.ajaxSettings.error({}, 'textStatus', 'errorThrown');
+  });
+
+})();
diff --git a/ecomp-portal-FE/client/bower_components/lodash/vendor/backbone/test/view.js b/ecomp-portal-FE/client/bower_components/lodash/vendor/backbone/test/view.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..faf3445b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ecomp-portal-FE/client/bower_components/lodash/vendor/backbone/test/view.js
@@ -0,0 +1,495 @@
+(function() {
+
+  var view;
+
+  QUnit.module('Backbone.View', {
+
+    beforeEach: function(assert) {
+      $('#qunit-fixture').append(
+        '<div id="testElement"><h1>Test</h1></div>'
+      );
+
+      view = new Backbone.View({
+        id: 'test-view',
+        className: 'test-view',
+        other: 'non-special-option'
+      });
+    },
+
+    afterEach: function() {
+      $('#testElement').remove();
+      $('#test-view').remove();
+    }
+
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('constructor', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(3);
+    assert.equal(view.el.id, 'test-view');
+    assert.equal(view.el.className, 'test-view');
+    assert.equal(view.el.other, void 0);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('$', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var myView = new Backbone.View;
+    myView.setElement('<p><a><b>test</b></a></p>');
+    var result = myView.$('a b');
+
+    assert.strictEqual(result[0].innerHTML, 'test');
+    assert.ok(result.length === +result.length);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('$el', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(3);
+    var myView = new Backbone.View;
+    myView.setElement('<p><a><b>test</b></a></p>');
+    assert.strictEqual(myView.el.nodeType, 1);
+
+    assert.ok(myView.$el instanceof Backbone.$);
+    assert.strictEqual(myView.$el[0], myView.el);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('initialize', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var View = Backbone.View.extend({
+      initialize: function() {
+        this.one = 1;
+      }
+    });
+
+    assert.strictEqual(new View().one, 1);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('render', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var myView = new Backbone.View;
+    assert.equal(myView.render(), myView, '#render returns the view instance');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('delegateEvents', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(6);
+    var counter1 = 0, counter2 = 0;
+
+    var myView = new Backbone.View({el: '#testElement'});
+    myView.increment = function(){ counter1++; };
+    myView.$el.on('click', function(){ counter2++; });
+
+    var events = {'click h1': 'increment'};
+
+    myView.delegateEvents(events);
+    myView.$('h1').trigger('click');
+    assert.equal(counter1, 1);
+    assert.equal(counter2, 1);
+
+    myView.$('h1').trigger('click');
+    assert.equal(counter1, 2);
+    assert.equal(counter2, 2);
+
+    myView.delegateEvents(events);
+    myView.$('h1').trigger('click');
+    assert.equal(counter1, 3);
+    assert.equal(counter2, 3);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('delegate', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(3);
+    var myView = new Backbone.View({el: '#testElement'});
+    myView.delegate('click', 'h1', function() {
+      assert.ok(true);
+    });
+    myView.delegate('click', function() {
+      assert.ok(true);
+    });
+    myView.$('h1').trigger('click');
+
+    assert.equal(myView.delegate(), myView, '#delegate returns the view instance');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('delegateEvents allows functions for callbacks', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(3);
+    var myView = new Backbone.View({el: '<p></p>'});
+    myView.counter = 0;
+
+    var events = {
+      click: function() {
+        this.counter++;
+      }
+    };
+
+    myView.delegateEvents(events);
+    myView.$el.trigger('click');
+    assert.equal(myView.counter, 1);
+
+    myView.$el.trigger('click');
+    assert.equal(myView.counter, 2);
+
+    myView.delegateEvents(events);
+    myView.$el.trigger('click');
+    assert.equal(myView.counter, 3);
+  });
+
+
+  QUnit.test('delegateEvents ignore undefined methods', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(0);
+    var myView = new Backbone.View({el: '<p></p>'});
+    myView.delegateEvents({'click': 'undefinedMethod'});
+    myView.$el.trigger('click');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('undelegateEvents', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(7);
+    var counter1 = 0, counter2 = 0;
+
+    var myView = new Backbone.View({el: '#testElement'});
+    myView.increment = function(){ counter1++; };
+    myView.$el.on('click', function(){ counter2++; });
+
+    var events = {'click h1': 'increment'};
+
+    myView.delegateEvents(events);
+    myView.$('h1').trigger('click');
+    assert.equal(counter1, 1);
+    assert.equal(counter2, 1);
+
+    myView.undelegateEvents();
+    myView.$('h1').trigger('click');
+    assert.equal(counter1, 1);
+    assert.equal(counter2, 2);
+
+    myView.delegateEvents(events);
+    myView.$('h1').trigger('click');
+    assert.equal(counter1, 2);
+    assert.equal(counter2, 3);
+
+    assert.equal(myView.undelegateEvents(), myView, '#undelegateEvents returns the view instance');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('undelegate', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var myView = new Backbone.View({el: '#testElement'});
+    myView.delegate('click', function() { assert.ok(false); });
+    myView.delegate('click', 'h1', function() { assert.ok(false); });
+
+    myView.undelegate('click');
+
+    myView.$('h1').trigger('click');
+    myView.$el.trigger('click');
+
+    assert.equal(myView.undelegate(), myView, '#undelegate returns the view instance');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('undelegate with passed handler', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var myView = new Backbone.View({el: '#testElement'});
+    var listener = function() { assert.ok(false); };
+    myView.delegate('click', listener);
+    myView.delegate('click', function() { assert.ok(true); });
+    myView.undelegate('click', listener);
+    myView.$el.trigger('click');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('undelegate with selector', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var myView = new Backbone.View({el: '#testElement'});
+    myView.delegate('click', function() { assert.ok(true); });
+    myView.delegate('click', 'h1', function() { assert.ok(false); });
+    myView.undelegate('click', 'h1');
+    myView.$('h1').trigger('click');
+    myView.$el.trigger('click');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('undelegate with handler and selector', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var myView = new Backbone.View({el: '#testElement'});
+    myView.delegate('click', function() { assert.ok(true); });
+    var handler = function(){ assert.ok(false); };
+    myView.delegate('click', 'h1', handler);
+    myView.undelegate('click', 'h1', handler);
+    myView.$('h1').trigger('click');
+    myView.$el.trigger('click');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('tagName can be provided as a string', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var View = Backbone.View.extend({
+      tagName: 'span'
+    });
+
+    assert.equal(new View().el.tagName, 'SPAN');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('tagName can be provided as a function', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var View = Backbone.View.extend({
+      tagName: function() {
+        return 'p';
+      }
+    });
+
+    assert.ok(new View().$el.is('p'));
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('_ensureElement with DOM node el', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var View = Backbone.View.extend({
+      el: document.body
+    });
+
+    assert.equal(new View().el, document.body);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('_ensureElement with string el', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(3);
+    var View = Backbone.View.extend({
+      el: 'body'
+    });
+    assert.strictEqual(new View().el, document.body);
+
+    View = Backbone.View.extend({
+      el: '#testElement > h1'
+    });
+    assert.strictEqual(new View().el, $('#testElement > h1').get(0));
+
+    View = Backbone.View.extend({
+      el: '#nonexistent'
+    });
+    assert.ok(!new View().el);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('with className and id functions', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var View = Backbone.View.extend({
+      className: function() {
+        return 'className';
+      },
+      id: function() {
+        return 'id';
+      }
+    });
+
+    assert.strictEqual(new View().el.className, 'className');
+    assert.strictEqual(new View().el.id, 'id');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('with attributes', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var View = Backbone.View.extend({
+      attributes: {
+        'id': 'id',
+        'class': 'class'
+      }
+    });
+
+    assert.strictEqual(new View().el.className, 'class');
+    assert.strictEqual(new View().el.id, 'id');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('with attributes as a function', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var View = Backbone.View.extend({
+      attributes: function() {
+        return {'class': 'dynamic'};
+      }
+    });
+
+    assert.strictEqual(new View().el.className, 'dynamic');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('should default to className/id properties', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(4);
+    var View = Backbone.View.extend({
+      className: 'backboneClass',
+      id: 'backboneId',
+      attributes: {
+        'class': 'attributeClass',
+        'id': 'attributeId'
+      }
+    });
+
+    var myView = new View;
+    assert.strictEqual(myView.el.className, 'backboneClass');
+    assert.strictEqual(myView.el.id, 'backboneId');
+    assert.strictEqual(myView.$el.attr('class'), 'backboneClass');
+    assert.strictEqual(myView.$el.attr('id'), 'backboneId');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('multiple views per element', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(3);
+    var count = 0;
+    var $el = $('<p></p>');
+
+    var View = Backbone.View.extend({
+      el: $el,
+      events: {
+        click: function() {
+          count++;
+        }
+      }
+    });
+
+    var view1 = new View;
+    $el.trigger('click');
+    assert.equal(1, count);
+
+    var view2 = new View;
+    $el.trigger('click');
+    assert.equal(3, count);
+
+    view1.delegateEvents();
+    $el.trigger('click');
+    assert.equal(5, count);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('custom events', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var View = Backbone.View.extend({
+      el: $('body'),
+      events: {
+        fake$event: function() { assert.ok(true); }
+      }
+    });
+
+    var myView = new View;
+    $('body').trigger('fake$event').trigger('fake$event');
+
+    $('body').off('fake$event');
+    $('body').trigger('fake$event');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#1048 - setElement uses provided object.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var $el = $('body');
+
+    var myView = new Backbone.View({el: $el});
+    assert.ok(myView.$el === $el);
+
+    myView.setElement($el = $($el));
+    assert.ok(myView.$el === $el);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#986 - Undelegate before changing element.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var button1 = $('<button></button>');
+    var button2 = $('<button></button>');
+
+    var View = Backbone.View.extend({
+      events: {
+        click: function(e) {
+          assert.ok(myView.el === e.target);
+        }
+      }
+    });
+
+    var myView = new View({el: button1});
+    myView.setElement(button2);
+
+    button1.trigger('click');
+    button2.trigger('click');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('#1172 - Clone attributes object', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var View = Backbone.View.extend({
+      attributes: {foo: 'bar'}
+    });
+
+    var view1 = new View({id: 'foo'});
+    assert.strictEqual(view1.el.id, 'foo');
+
+    var view2 = new View();
+    assert.ok(!view2.el.id);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('views stopListening', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(0);
+    var View = Backbone.View.extend({
+      initialize: function() {
+        this.listenTo(this.model, 'all x', function(){ assert.ok(false); });
+        this.listenTo(this.collection, 'all x', function(){ assert.ok(false); });
+      }
+    });
+
+    var myView = new View({
+      model: new Backbone.Model,
+      collection: new Backbone.Collection
+    });
+
+    myView.stopListening();
+    myView.model.trigger('x');
+    myView.collection.trigger('x');
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('Provide function for el.', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var View = Backbone.View.extend({
+      el: function() {
+        return '<p><a></a></p>';
+      }
+    });
+
+    var myView = new View;
+    assert.ok(myView.$el.is('p'));
+    assert.ok(myView.$el.has('a'));
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('events passed in options', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(1);
+    var counter = 0;
+
+    var View = Backbone.View.extend({
+      el: '#testElement',
+      increment: function() {
+        counter++;
+      }
+    });
+
+    var myView = new View({
+      events: {
+        'click h1': 'increment'
+      }
+    });
+
+    myView.$('h1').trigger('click').trigger('click');
+    assert.equal(counter, 2);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('remove', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(2);
+    var myView = new Backbone.View;
+    document.body.appendChild(view.el);
+
+    myView.delegate('click', function() { assert.ok(false); });
+    myView.listenTo(myView, 'all x', function() { assert.ok(false); });
+
+    assert.equal(myView.remove(), myView, '#remove returns the view instance');
+    myView.$el.trigger('click');
+    myView.trigger('x');
+
+    // In IE8 and below, parentNode still exists but is not document.body.
+    assert.notEqual(myView.el.parentNode, document.body);
+  });
+
+  QUnit.test('setElement', function(assert) {
+    assert.expect(3);
+    var myView = new Backbone.View({
+      events: {
+        click: function() { assert.ok(false); }
+      }
+    });
+    myView.events = {
+      click: function() { assert.ok(true); }
+    };
+    var oldEl = myView.el;
+    var $oldEl = myView.$el;
+
+    myView.setElement(document.createElement('div'));
+
+    $oldEl.click();
+    myView.$el.click();
+
+    assert.notEqual(oldEl, myView.el);
+    assert.notEqual($oldEl, myView.$el);
+  });
+
+})();