Grid system

Bootstrap includes a responsive, mobile first fluid grid system that appropriately scales up to 12 columns as the device or viewport size increases. It includes predefined classes for easy layout options, as well as powerful mixins for generating more semantic layouts.

Introduction

Grid systems are used for creating page layouts through a series of rows and columns that house your content. Here's how the Bootstrap grid system works:

Look to the examples for applying these principles to your code.

Media queries

We use the following media queries in our Less files to create the key breakpoints in our grid system.

{% highlight scss %} /* Extra small devices (phones, less than 768px) */ /* No media query since this is the default in Bootstrap */ /* Small devices (tablets, 768px and up) */ @media (min-width: @screen-sm-min) { ... } /* Medium devices (desktops, 992px and up) */ @media (min-width: @screen-md-min) { ... } /* Large devices (large desktops, 1200px and up) */ @media (min-width: @screen-lg-min) { ... } {% endhighlight %}

We occasionally expand on these media queries to include a max-width to limit CSS to a narrower set of devices.

{% highlight scss %} @media (max-width: @screen-xs-max) { ... } @media (min-width: @screen-sm-min) and (max-width: @screen-sm-max) { ... } @media (min-width: @screen-md-min) and (max-width: @screen-md-max) { ... } @media (min-width: @screen-lg-min) { ... } {% endhighlight %}

Grid options

See how aspects of the Bootstrap grid system work across multiple devices with a handy table.

Extra small devices Phones (<768px) Small devices Tablets (≥768px) Medium devices Desktops (≥992px) Large devices Desktops (≥1200px)
Grid behavior Horizontal at all times Collapsed to start, horizontal above breakpoints
Container width None (auto) 750px 970px 1170px
Class prefix .col-xs- .col-sm- .col-md- .col-lg-
# of columns 12
Column width Auto ~62px ~81px ~97px
Gutter width 30px (15px on each side of a column)
Nestable Yes
Offsets Yes
Column ordering Yes

Example: Stacked-to-horizontal

Using a single set of .col-md-* grid classes, you can create a basic grid system that starts out stacked on mobile devices and tablet devices (the extra small to small range) before becoming horizontal on desktop (medium) devices. Place grid columns in any .row.

.col-md-1
.col-md-1
.col-md-1
.col-md-1
.col-md-1
.col-md-1
.col-md-1
.col-md-1
.col-md-1
.col-md-1
.col-md-1
.col-md-1
.col-md-8
.col-md-4
.col-md-4
.col-md-4
.col-md-4
.col-md-6
.col-md-6
{% highlight html %}
.col-md-1
.col-md-1
.col-md-1
.col-md-1
.col-md-1
.col-md-1
.col-md-1
.col-md-1
.col-md-1
.col-md-1
.col-md-1
.col-md-1
.col-md-8
.col-md-4
.col-md-4
.col-md-4
.col-md-4
.col-md-6
.col-md-6
{% endhighlight %}

Example: Fluid container

Turn any fixed-width grid layout into a full-width layout by changing your outermost .container to .container-fluid.

{% highlight html %}
...
{% endhighlight %}

Example: Mobile and desktop

Don't want your columns to simply stack in smaller devices? Use the extra small and medium device grid classes by adding .col-xs-* .col-md-* to your columns. See the example below for a better idea of how it all works.

.col-xs-12 .col-md-8
.col-xs-6 .col-md-4
.col-xs-6 .col-md-4
.col-xs-6 .col-md-4
.col-xs-6 .col-md-4
.col-xs-6
.col-xs-6
{% highlight html %}
.col-xs-12 .col-md-8
.col-xs-6 .col-md-4
.col-xs-6 .col-md-4
.col-xs-6 .col-md-4
.col-xs-6 .col-md-4
.col-xs-6
.col-xs-6
{% endhighlight %}

Example: Mobile, tablet, desktop

Build on the previous example by creating even more dynamic and powerful layouts with tablet .col-sm-* classes.

.col-xs-12 .col-sm-6 .col-md-8
.col-xs-6 .col-md-4
.col-xs-6 .col-sm-4
.col-xs-6 .col-sm-4
.col-xs-6 .col-sm-4
{% highlight html %}
.col-xs-12 .col-sm-6 .col-md-8
.col-xs-6 .col-md-4
.col-xs-6 .col-sm-4
.col-xs-6 .col-sm-4
.col-xs-6 .col-sm-4
{% endhighlight %}

Example: Column wrapping

If more than 12 columns are placed within a single row, each group of extra columns will, as one unit, wrap onto a new line.

.col-xs-9
.col-xs-4
Since 9 + 4 = 13 > 12, this 4-column-wide div gets wrapped onto a new line as one contiguous unit.
.col-xs-6
Subsequent columns continue along the new line.
{% highlight html %}
.col-xs-9
.col-xs-4
Since 9 + 4 = 13 > 12, this 4-column-wide div gets wrapped onto a new line as one contiguous unit.
.col-xs-6
Subsequent columns continue along the new line.
{% endhighlight %}

Responsive column resets

With the four tiers of grids available you're bound to run into issues where, at certain breakpoints, your columns don't clear quite right as one is taller than the other. To fix that, use a combination of a .clearfix and our responsive utility classes.

.col-xs-6 .col-sm-3
Resize your viewport or check it out on your phone for an example.
.col-xs-6 .col-sm-3
.col-xs-6 .col-sm-3
.col-xs-6 .col-sm-3
{% highlight html %}
.col-xs-6 .col-sm-3
.col-xs-6 .col-sm-3
.col-xs-6 .col-sm-3
.col-xs-6 .col-sm-3
{% endhighlight %}

In addition to column clearing at responsive breakpoints, you may need to reset offsets, pushes, or pulls. See this in action in the grid example.

{% highlight html %}
.col-sm-5 .col-md-6
.col-sm-5 .col-sm-offset-2 .col-md-6 .col-md-offset-0
.col-sm-6 .col-md-5 .col-lg-6
.col-sm-6 .col-md-5 .col-md-offset-2 .col-lg-6 .col-lg-offset-0
{% endhighlight %}

Offsetting columns

Move columns to the right using .col-md-offset-* classes. These classes increase the left margin of a column by * columns. For example, .col-md-offset-4 moves .col-md-4 over four columns.

.col-md-4
.col-md-4 .col-md-offset-4
.col-md-3 .col-md-offset-3
.col-md-3 .col-md-offset-3
.col-md-6 .col-md-offset-3
{% highlight html %}
.col-md-4
.col-md-4 .col-md-offset-4
.col-md-3 .col-md-offset-3
.col-md-3 .col-md-offset-3
.col-md-6 .col-md-offset-3
{% endhighlight %}

Nesting columns

To nest your content with the default grid, add a new .row and set of .col-sm-* columns within an existing .col-sm-* column. Nested rows should include a set of columns that add up to 12 or fewer (it is not required that you use all 12 available columns).

Level 1: .col-sm-9
Level 2: .col-xs-8 .col-sm-6
Level 2: .col-xs-4 .col-sm-6
{% highlight html %}
Level 1: .col-sm-9
Level 2: .col-xs-8 .col-sm-6
Level 2: .col-xs-4 .col-sm-6
{% endhighlight %}

Column ordering

Easily change the order of our built-in grid columns with .col-md-push-* and .col-md-pull-* modifier classes.

.col-md-9 .col-md-push-3
.col-md-3 .col-md-pull-9
{% highlight html %}
.col-md-9 .col-md-push-3
.col-md-3 .col-md-pull-9
{% endhighlight %}

Less mixins and variables

In addition to prebuilt grid classes for fast layouts, Bootstrap includes Less variables and mixins for quickly generating your own simple, semantic layouts.

Variables

Variables determine the number of columns, the gutter width, and the media query point at which to begin floating columns. We use these to generate the predefined grid classes documented above, as well as for the custom mixins listed below.

{% highlight scss %} @grid-columns: 12; @grid-gutter-width: 30px; @grid-float-breakpoint: 768px; {% endhighlight %}

Mixins

Mixins are used in conjunction with the grid variables to generate semantic CSS for individual grid columns.

{% highlight scss %} // Creates a wrapper for a series of columns .make-row(@gutter: @grid-gutter-width) { // Then clear the floated columns .clearfix(); @media (min-width: @screen-sm-min) { margin-left: (@gutter / -2); margin-right: (@gutter / -2); } // Negative margin nested rows out to align the content of columns .row { margin-left: (@gutter / -2); margin-right: (@gutter / -2); } } // Generate the extra small columns .make-xs-column(@columns; @gutter: @grid-gutter-width) { position: relative; // Prevent columns from collapsing when empty min-height: 1px; // Inner gutter via padding padding-left: (@gutter / 2); padding-right: (@gutter / 2); // Calculate width based on number of columns available @media (min-width: @grid-float-breakpoint) { float: left; width: percentage((@columns / @grid-columns)); } } // Generate the small columns .make-sm-column(@columns; @gutter: @grid-gutter-width) { position: relative; // Prevent columns from collapsing when empty min-height: 1px; // Inner gutter via padding padding-left: (@gutter / 2); padding-right: (@gutter / 2); // Calculate width based on number of columns available @media (min-width: @screen-sm-min) { float: left; width: percentage((@columns / @grid-columns)); } } // Generate the small column offsets .make-sm-column-offset(@columns) { @media (min-width: @screen-sm-min) { margin-left: percentage((@columns / @grid-columns)); } } .make-sm-column-push(@columns) { @media (min-width: @screen-sm-min) { left: percentage((@columns / @grid-columns)); } } .make-sm-column-pull(@columns) { @media (min-width: @screen-sm-min) { right: percentage((@columns / @grid-columns)); } } // Generate the medium columns .make-md-column(@columns; @gutter: @grid-gutter-width) { position: relative; // Prevent columns from collapsing when empty min-height: 1px; // Inner gutter via padding padding-left: (@gutter / 2); padding-right: (@gutter / 2); // Calculate width based on number of columns available @media (min-width: @screen-md-min) { float: left; width: percentage((@columns / @grid-columns)); } } // Generate the medium column offsets .make-md-column-offset(@columns) { @media (min-width: @screen-md-min) { margin-left: percentage((@columns / @grid-columns)); } } .make-md-column-push(@columns) { @media (min-width: @screen-md-min) { left: percentage((@columns / @grid-columns)); } } .make-md-column-pull(@columns) { @media (min-width: @screen-md-min) { right: percentage((@columns / @grid-columns)); } } // Generate the large columns .make-lg-column(@columns; @gutter: @grid-gutter-width) { position: relative; // Prevent columns from collapsing when empty min-height: 1px; // Inner gutter via padding padding-left: (@gutter / 2); padding-right: (@gutter / 2); // Calculate width based on number of columns available @media (min-width: @screen-lg-min) { float: left; width: percentage((@columns / @grid-columns)); } } // Generate the large column offsets .make-lg-column-offset(@columns) { @media (min-width: @screen-lg-min) { margin-left: percentage((@columns / @grid-columns)); } } .make-lg-column-push(@columns) { @media (min-width: @screen-lg-min) { left: percentage((@columns / @grid-columns)); } } .make-lg-column-pull(@columns) { @media (min-width: @screen-lg-min) { right: percentage((@columns / @grid-columns)); } } {% endhighlight %}

Example usage

You can modify the variables to your own custom values, or just use the mixins with their default values. Here's an example of using the default settings to create a two-column layout with a gap between.

{% highlight scss %} .wrapper { .make-row(); } .content-main { .make-lg-column(8); } .content-secondary { .make-lg-column(3); .make-lg-column-offset(1); } {% endhighlight %} {% highlight html %}
...
...
{% endhighlight %}